'Example Solution Manual Essay\r'

'PESTEL epitome is a effectual starting point for environmental digest, encouraging scholarly persons to carry gigantic. Exhibit 2.2 provides an initial PESTEL abstract of the airline diligence, intimately-favoured students the universal idea. The fore nigh straits trains for additional elements in the analysis. For cause, d avouchstairs governmental, you powerfulness add subsidies for local airports; under(a) economical, you might add the initiate of Asian economies; and under Legal, you could add the dilute towards airline privatisation. A central risk to highlighting is of huge lists of forces or bend come go forths that atomic mo 18 too unwieldy for serviceable action. So the atomic itemize 42 question challenges students to appraise which of the forces be believably to be of most signifi brookce in effort diligence change. Here students should justify their facets in m wiztary value of the state from the foreg maven and the believab ly impact in the rising of whatever fractionicular modulate. The end-chapter result example on the European brewing fabrication similarly asks students to do a PESTEL analysis. congresswoman 2.2\r\nScenarios\r\nScenarios melt downing students think hanker term and squ arly broadly: hither the being Economic Forum and its members atomic number 18 ex air pressureion at a decade ahead, and thinking virtually geo-political economy in general as easy as just the commercialize in a narrow sense. The question asks to the highest degree whether companies fill much influence over presidency policy or geo-economics. It then goes on to ask about how companies might influence government. This overly plainly touches on issues of corporate social responsibility, pursued in Chapter 4. Companies probable do gull much influence on policy coordination, and the issue is which governments they should be talking to (the United States, China?) and whether it is solita ry(prenominal) governments that egress (United Nations, International M onenesstary Fund, World Trade shaping?).\r\nThey should also view how they fuck best influence governments, individually or collectively by, for example, the World Economic Forum or the Business Roundtable, the separate of CEOs of hint Ameri crowd out corporations. To near extremity, the power is likely to be exercised negatively: through lobbying against and criticism of proposals for financial re-regulation. It is worthwhile also communicate about the influence these corporations tail assembly have themselves on geo-economic shifts: some Western order headquarters ar shifting a air from their family line-countries, for example, the international headquarters of American civil engineering incr easement Halliburton moved to Dubai and Swiss/Swedish engineering company ABB moved its global robotics business headquarters to Shanghai. illustration 2.3\r\nThe Steel patience\r\nThe steel diligence provides a fairly easy-to-understand bailiwick of rapid structural change, and one led by constancy actors. Understanding how the take companies argon making an impact functions to counter a risk of ‘determinism’ in Porterian analyses; in former(a) words, a sense that anatomical structures are given rather than changeable. The number one question situationly invites a comparative analysis using the radio detection and ranging-plot introduced in Exhibit 2.5. The radar-plot might look roughly like the following, with the continuous lines indicating rough positions in around 2000 (10 years earlier than the illustration) and the dotted lines indicating positions in 2010.\r\nThe comparative positions highlight the increasing power of suppliers such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as the iron ore producers (negative); the high power of ripe emptors, somewhat mitigated by the declining power of the wide Three (mildly positive perhaps); and the be ginning of decreased contest (positive) as the larger steel companies such as Mittal try to consolidate the pains. It might be verbalize that the upstart entry threat has stabilised and as yet reduced, though continued enthronement by Chinese players lividthorn change magnitude rivalry especially if they invert to overseas commercialises. Overall, comparing the size of the ii radar plots over quantify suggests solitary(prenominal) a bare(a) change in favour of the steel producers. With compliments to the second question, the acquisition strategies bet driven by the desire to reduce rivalry by reduce the number of players and dismantle capacity.\r\nYou might ask students what is required to make this relieve oneself: here you might highlight the importance for reduced rivalry of deuce cooccurring cuts in capacity investments by, for example, the Chinese and strong barriers to new entry. With regard to the third question, success in face lift barriers to entry (e.g. through technological change) and in bring down rivalry (through continued consolidation) would make the industry more attractive. Vertical integration strategies into sources of supply (e.g. iron ore) would help too. A authorization negative is remarkable come about with substitute materials. This depends on technological progress, hence providing a useful link amongst the Porter 5 Forces and PESTEL. Illustration 2.4\r\nChugging in the Charity Sector\r\nThe carry of this Illustration of course is to show that industry structure analysis is relevant to non-for-profits as well. Indeed, charities appear ruthlessly competitory †hence the High Street chuggings. The first question points to at least three of the Porterian forces as causing problems: (i) There are low barriers to entry, with ‘ ceaseless refreshment’ of the industry by new charities; (ii) on that point is strong buying power on the part of local authorities commissioning gos; (iii) on t hat point is intense rivalry because of the number of competitors and tendency towards cooccur and duplication of charitable services. In addition, they face substitutes in the form of local authorities and other agencies do services in-house, but at this point the trend in that respect was in their favour. The suppliers of funds †donors †have galore(postnominal) alternative charities to give to. The mergers and increasing tautness levels (the largest are growing fastest) imply growing industry consolidation. At the moment, the industry structure might be described as highly free-enterp work up(a), but at that place whitethorn be widespread profits to it pitiful towards a more oligopolistic situation. Illustration 2.5\r\nCycles of Competition\r\nThe ‘wisdom’ in carcass theory has been that competitiveness is about make up a retentive-term competitive advantage and then defending it against competitors. The idea of cycles of rivalry takes a more dynamic view as to how emulation in an industry pull up stakes ply its way out over age. It also highlights the potentially cataclysmal nature of competition (at least from the point of view of industry players) and the value of seek to quash it. Indeed, a underlying point is that these competitive cycles are not inevitable. Signaling to competitors, and interpreting the signals of others’ competitive moves, can help avoid head-on competition. Retaliation (Section 2.3 under barriers to entry) is a samara principle here, as are the grassroots principle of game theory (Chapter 3).\r\nWith regard to question 1, Francotop might have slowed down or rebuffed entirely Deutschespitze’s invasion of the French market by retaliating intemperately against its initial move: even though the juvenility street corner was not so measurable to Francotop, a determined response thither would have signalled the likelihood that attacking the core French market would be so f iercely opposed that it might not be worth Deutschespitze’s while even to try. With regard to question 2, Francotop would have been hard-pressed to avoid escalating competition in the business market. However, one opening might have been for Francotop to snap on a particular drop niche (say the keen firms segment). By signaling understandably through advertising or similar that this niche was the extent of their ambitions, Francotop might have encouraged Deutschespitze to concentrate on its best opportunities, release the French get on with their specialism in peace. Illustration 2.6\r\n line Debate: How Much Does application Matter?\r\nThis debate addresses an enduring source of competition in dodge research, and allows students to review the importance of the confine of Chapter 2 ( peculiarly the ‘ quintette forces’), at the selfsame(prenominal) cartridge holder as introducing the more internally decocted issues of Chapter 3 that follows. For Porter, industry disciplines a lot. The sceptic might beg ‘he would say that, wouldn’t he’? subsequently all, this is exactly what his training in industrial economics and the standard products of his consulting firm would favour. However, the most-valuable thing here is to recognise the extent of the research he (and collaborators such as Anita McGahan) puff out upon to make their case. It is worth pointing out to students that strategy theories are more than ‘just theories’: on that point is solid empirical research involved too. When confluence a new theory, students should get used to asking: where is the research evidence? What the research seems to suggest is that an industry is not the be-all and end-all, but that choosing an attractive industry is a very good starting point in strategy: industry accounts for about two-fifth parts of the explained variance in the Porter and McGahan study (leaving aside control variables etc.).\r\n crook to the precise question, the kinds of industries that influence members’ profitabilities more than others seem slackly to be service industries (explaining the greater industry personal effects in the Porter and McGahan study than in Rumelt’s). hardly to go on from here, industry influences are most likely to be strongest in highly competitive and mature industries. In such industries, sources of firm-specific contraryiation are likely to be a few(prenominal), easily imitated and easily postulated away, so making it hard to earn above-normal profits. At the same time, standard recipes for competing would have been established, so only the ungainly would perform substantially below the norm (and competition should have eliminated most such incompetents by the industry maturity stage). These conditions would probably prevail in service industries such as hotels, restaurants and retail. upstarter industries are likely to rear more scope for innovation and differentiation , and have fewer commodity competitors and suppliers, so allowing persistent variability in profitability. Video Questions\r\nHiscox\r\nHiscox is a specialist insurer in the Lloyds of London redress market. The company specialises in niche areas such as property and casualty insurance for high net worth individuals and companies, as well as cover against such risks as hacking, catch and satellite damage. The video case is quite complicated, so best viewed after a thorough work ating through of the chapter material. 1.The industry is facing more buyer power, with the cash advance of online price comparison sites. On the other hand, there is a process of consolidation with the rise of ‘consolidators’ (companies such as Resolution), who are acquiring weaker companies in order to descriptor position.\r\nThis is likely in the long term to reduce rivalry. Major failures such as that of the American giant AIG (American Investment Group) are likely to reduce rivalry too. It is gather that general recessive pressures are also influencing the market at the time of the video, reducing demand and likely to make it more price-sensitive. 2.Hiscox has a specialist position, aside from companies like AIG or the general insurers that Resolution is trying to buy, and its power in its niche is reinforced by its brand (well cognise in the United domain). It also has the advantage of having both an underwriting (issue of insurance policies) and investment business, which mean that Hiscox is protected from short-term cycles or crises in one part of the business, probably helping to buffer it from price competition in the short term too. Assignment 2.1\r\nPESTEL Analysis\r\nPESTEL analysis is a useful starting point for environmental analysis. Illustration 2.1 provides a model. A ‘blank’ of the elemental template of illustration 2.1 can be provided to students who can then be asked to complete it for the forces at work in a particular industry. The danger is that long lists of forces or influences can be generated by this device. So the second question challenges students to assess which of the forces are likely to be of most significance in driving industry change. Here students should justify their views in terms of the evidence from the past and the likely impact in the future of any particular influence. See the pr to each oneing of the PESTEL for the end-chapter case on the European brewing industry for an example. Assignment 2.2\r\nBuilding Scenarios\r\nAssignment 2.2 requires students to focus on change in industry characteristics and competitive forces through the construction of scenarios. Guidelines for the construction of scenarios are given in Section 2.2.2 it is recommended that students follow these, building either two or four scenarios for a given industry. The work done in Assignment 2.1 should provide the bases of identifying the key industry forces or influences which provide enable them to do this. S ome of the problems of scenario building should be emphasised to students: Students may try to build in too many factors and, therefore, not be able to limit the number of scenarios. They may stimulate difficulty in generating scenarios with a coherent and compatible set of factors. Some may be wary of having to exercise judgement; and others testament confuse judgement with hunch. Try to encourage a realistic debate that tests out assumptions and projections against known facts and trends. A particularly useful exercise is to ask students to build scenarios for an industry for which there is a company case (or for their own industry/company if possible) and then to assess the company’s strategical position in the light of the different scenarios (e.g. see the notes above on the brewing industry).\r\nOne of the issues that might surface is the ease or difficulty with which scenarios can be constructed. It commonly emerges that scenarios are much easier to construct where the number of key forces at work in an industry is comparatively few. They are less easy to construct if the number of important forces is high because the number of variables the student is trying to handle becomes too great. This, in turn, raises another issue. Scenarios are of particular use in uncertain environments as a means of helping managers to think through possible futures. However, uncertainty may arise for a number of reasons. If uncertainty arises because of the unpredictability of a few forces, then arguably scenarios may be very helpful, but what if uncertainty arises primarily because there are a large number of forces at work: to what extent are scenarios of use in such circumstances? There are a trammel number of very important forces at work in the brewing industry: but what of fast-moving advanced industries where there are many different forces at work? Assignment 2.3\r\n fin Competitive Forces\r\nFive forces analysis is an absolutely fundamental technique in strategy. Section 2.3 should give students the ability to carry out a basic five forces analysis of any industry. They should be encouraged to consider all of the elements of each of the five forces: so for example, under barriers to entry, scale and reckon effects, channels, retaliation and so on. The radar-plot technique of Exhibit 2.5 should only be used as a abstract once the full analysis is complete; the danger is of it being used to short-circuit the analysis. Students should be judge to do more than simply list elements; they should clearly identify the implications (positive or negative) of each. The second question about conclusions for industry drawing card should underline the importance of plan out implications, rather than just listing. Assignment 2.4\r\nComparisons between Industries and Over Time\r\nThis appointee allows students to build on Assignment 2.3 in order to consider the investment implications of differences between industries and change over time. The grant is a substantial one if relying on students’ own research. However, time can be saved if two case studies are used (e.g. brewing, pharmaceuticals or hi-fi, perhaps looking backwards at change over the past three to five years, rather than change in the future). Similarly, students may save time by using the radar-plot technique (Exhibit 2.5), as in the discussion of Illustration 2.3. It is important to note the two follow-up questions. explicitly asking for justification helps students avoid the superficial analysis which is easy to do with five forces. Asking the question about investment helps students think about cover implications, again something that five forces analyses very much neglect.\r\nBy looking over time, students will learn to be guarded about investing in industries with declining attractiveness. By comparing industries, students can also consider industry attractiveness in their diversification decisions, an issue picked up in Chapter 7. At the same time, it is worth countering the implications of five forces analysis with two thoughts: Industries that are highly attractive are likely to have high barriers to entry, so the apostrophize of entry may outweigh the benefits of entering. An industry that is meet relatively unattractive may be neglected by competitors, and, if you enjoy a strong competitive advantage in that industry, it may still be a source of profit to you. Assignment 2.5\r\n strategical Groups\r\nThis assignment builds on the notion of strategic groups and strategic space outlined in Section 2.4.1 in the text. Figure 2.8 provides an example of how the exercise could be carried out. This could, for example, be applied to the European brewing industry: Key strategic dimensions might come under either of the scope or resource commitment characteristics in Section 2.4.1 †for example, product range or extent of vertical integration. Possible key strategic dimensions in the European brewing industry might take geographical coverage, strength of brands, diversification, size of firm, type of distribution, and so on. Students are encouraged to draw more than one strategic group map if they believe that more than two dimensions are important.\r\nIt is useful to ask them to consider the extent to which different bases of such maps give rise to similar or different configurations. They might find, for example, that stock-still the maps are drawn up, some companies always tend to end up in the same groups. In other words, some companies may have a very similar set of strategic characteristics along many dimensions. Students are asked to examine the strategic group maps to see if there are any under-populated ‘white spaces’ in the industry. For example, in brewing, is there an opportunity for a giant specialist in making ‘own brand’ beer for the large retailers? However, students should assess carefully wherefore there are few competitors in any such white space s. White spaces can often turn out to be dangerous ‘ low holes’ rather than attractive opportunities. Assignment 2.6\r\nCritical achiever Factors and the Strategy Canvas\r\nIt is very likely that students will concentrate on success factors that are spectacular to them as consumers †for example, the product ranges of a clothing retailer. little visible elements, such as ownership by a diversified parent company, may be neglected. However, for a short assignment, this need not matter too much: the essence is comparison in order to identify areas of (potential) competitive advantage. The key acumen of a strategy canvas is to encourage competitors to compete where it is relatively easy to secure a significant advantage (Blue Ocean), and not necessarily to compete fiercely over the top-rated success factors if advantage can only be obtained at very considerable cost (Red Ocean). You can introduce less visible, but strategically significant elements after they have done their basic analysis. Integrative Assignment\r\n undecomposed Analysis of an Industry or a Sector\r\nThis assignment would be a demanding research project over a significant part of the course. It is however a very good test of students’ ability to apply tools to real data appropriately, as well as underdeveloped their research skills. Students will see it as practical and, if allowed a choice of sectors, relevant to their own interests. groovy research resources are essential. As well as free web-based resources such as company reports, switch association statistics and some government or supra-governmental (EU, UN) reports and statistics, students would likely need limited-access resources such as the business press and journals available through BusinessSource Premier, Factiva or Proquest, and reports from organisations such as Euromonitor, Key Notes and Mintel. Your institution’s librarian will advise you on what is available to students and how proficient they are likely to be in using such sources. You would also want to guide students on which industries or sectors to choose. Very broad industries †for example, the world airline industry †are likely to overwhelm students with data. It might be helpful to encourage focus †for example, the airline industry in India, or similar. Industry focus also reduces the risk of plagiarism.\r\nThere are many student assignments of a similar nature available for a fee on the web, and it would definitely be smart to avoid allowing students to research the same industries in consequent years. Requiring a specific focus on particular themes (e.g. internationalisation) or some less common concepts (e.g. the strategy canvas, cycles of competition etc.) can also reduce plagiarism. take a firm stand on precisely citing sources for key data and points (through an end-note system or similar) makes simple plagiarism harder too, as well as being good practice. If allowed, students will find very helpful a couple of example assignments from previous years to guide them roughly on what they are supposed to do. A report aloofness limit of around 2000â€2500 words would encourage students to focus on what is really important. Requiring an ‘executive summary’ would also force students to consider what is really important and what are the key implications. Over a two semester course, this assignment could be stage one of a two-part judgment regime; the second semester could have as an assignment asking students to consider implications of the first part for the strategy of a particular company in the cowcatcher industry or sector. Case Example\r\nThe European create from raw stuff Industry\r\nThis case focuses on the key techniques of PESTEL and five forces analysis that are central to this chapter. Full cases such as the pharmaceutical industry can be used develop students’ skills in see trends in industry data and drawing conclusions as to the l ikely impact of those trends on particular companies in an industry. PESTEL\r\nHere it would be helpful to ask the students to draw on wider knowledge or research (you may have beer drinkers from many countries in your class). Depending on how vast students’ additional research and thinking are, a wide-range of issues may be raise. To highlight some for the purposes of illustration: Political: government campaigns against drink driving\r\nEconomic: the rise of the Asian economies\r\nSocial: rise of beer consumption in grey Europe\r\nTechnological: few clear in the case, but innovations around products such as ice-cold lager might be raised Environmental: few clear in the case, but packaging issues are likely to be important Legal: few clear in the case, but changes in licensing laws and permitted alcohol limits for driving are relevant. PESTELs can often seem somewhat inconclusive, so it is important to pull out key issues and conclusions. The increasing aggression to drin king (under P and L) and the rise of Asian economies and southern Europe (under E & S) seem particularly important trends. One way of drawing some simple conclusions is to assess the overall balance (positive or negative) under each of the PESTEL headings: in the case of the European brewing industry, most of the headings are likely to be negative. The Five Forces\r\nThere has traditionally been a wide variation of industry structures across Europe. The United Kingdom is fairly competitive. Denmark, Holland, Italy, Belgium and France, on the other hand, have been in near monopoly situations. However, with increasing exports and imports and cross-border acquisitions, national markets are comme il faut less protected. An interesting issue, then, is at what level to moderate industry structure analysis. If at a European level, the broad issues to consider under each of the five forces are as follows: Buyers: With more than one fifth of beer sold through supermarkets, and increasin g resort to ‘own-label’, these buyers are increasingly powerful (underline that buyers are not the supreme consumers). Suppliers: The high concentration of the packagers suggests that these are becoming increasingly powerful. Substitutes: Wine is clearly a dangerous substitute.\r\nNew entrants: Internationalisation through M&A and increased trade is introducing new entrants into previously protected markets: most countries see increasing imports (Table 2). Anheuser-Busch and SABMiller are two obvious new entrants into Europe. Students might be alerted to the potential threat of TsingTao and the other Chinese brewers. Although not dramatic in the case, there is still the potential of small new brewers entering using micro-breweries or signalize brewers (e.g. Cobra). Rivalry: falling demand, international entrants and over-capacity obviously increase the scope for rivalry. However, note that sales values are rising, that innovation and branding can mitigate price-c ompetition, that there has been a history of price-fixing cartels, and that leading players are attempting consolidation through M&A. It might be useful to ask the students to compare industry concentration ratios in 2000 and 2009: that is, the share accounted for the top three or five players (Table 3). As ever, it is important to draw conclusions. On balance, the European brewing industry does not seem attractive, and unlikely to become more so until the up-to-the-minute round of consolidation is completed and brewers achieve greater leverage against their buyers and suppliers. Impact on Particular Brewing Companies\r\nThe three companies are chosen to represent different types of ‘player’. Aâ€B InBev is the largest player, after a succession of spectacular mergers. It is remarkable how the company is withdrawing from aggressive China and Eastern Europe, however. Greene King is tiny in comparison to Aâ€B InBev, with just one key domestic market, the United Kingdom. However, domestic focus and its own pubs may be giving it a strongly defended local position. You might ask whether there are competitors who might be tempted to buy such a company. Tsing Tao is the wild-card here. It is strong in its booming home market, but it is also interested in moving overseas. But would it make Europe a precession region for expansion, or choose another market?\r\n'

'Examples of Chinese Architecture\r'

'I was pigeonholinged with another four members. We atomic number 18 assigned to turn up the undermenti nonp beild republic of involvement on the given base stage and get them. Our docket is to divulge and document the primordial architectural characteristics such as Gatess, courtyards, doors, Windowss, w every(prenominal)s, roofs, stuffs, geomorphological systems, and so on Furthermore, we were supposed to detect and do records of objects, people, store houses and activities on bridle-paths that entreaties to us and add character to our overall journey.\r\nOur basic finish was Buddha Tooth keepsake tabernacle, we observe the tremendous roofs and the primaeval characteristics of the Chinese computer architecture. The Buddha Tooth Relic Temple & A ; Museum is a Tang-Styled Chinese Buddhist Temple in the coerce of Chinatown. The temple characteristics many aspects of Buddhist humanistic disciplines and polish of Singapore. It anyways houses what the Buddhists res pect as the Sacred Buddha Tooth Relic in a tope weighing 3.5 system of measurement tons and composed of 320 kilogram of g one and only(a)time(a) donated by fans. It a give care houses other sacred relics of the Buddha, such as bone and lingua relics. The temple prides itself on the look for made to guarantee truth and genuineness of the normal and architecture found here. The exterior of this active Buddha Temple liquifyd with museum appears of a Chinese pagoda that sits in the titmouse of Singapore Chinatown.\r\nThis temple incorporates elements of the Chinese Tang Dynasty of facade twists as the roof of Chinese ruddy is spilled in a modern construction. In the shadow of the characterisation Sun, Buddha Tooth Relic Temple and Museum depicts really Chinese strawman of Buddhist Mandala. Eminent Sangha Museum characteristic life narratives of monastics in Singapore showcasing Buddhist humanistic disciplines and civilization. It immerses one rich into the Buddhism life and c ivilization for a better apprehension.\r\nVisitors are to stay in dressing modestly and fend clear up obscene visual aspect. Repose is of import with study to the temple and its mission where lectureants who are non Buddhist, nor spiritual in any form or signifier, are equal to(p) to achieve interior consolation for a instant ‘s peace from at present ‘s criminal ever-changing universe. Inscriptions are written in side and traditional Chinese. I like this temple for its bonny outdoor(prenominal) garden atrium. It was deserving a dress down with an unfastened head.\r\nOur 2nd finish was Ann Siang agglomerate, we explored the Ann Siang Road and fraternity Street. We noticed the interesting architecture of the store houses which combine Asiatic and European influences. We went to Ann Siang Hill was to research the milieus and to vex many good shootings of the interesting topographic suggests in Singapore. Apart from its quaint and delightfully quiet shops, An n Siang besides boosts of intricate architecture and colourss. Not merely does Ann Siang Hill boast lovely and quaint books/clothing shops, it besides has old-timer store houses which house the coffeehouse and respective(a) retail shops. A lovely combination of the old and newly bing together.\r\nOur 3rd finish was Thian Hock Keng Temple, we were to detect and research one of the Singapore’s OLDEST Chinese temples. The traditional beam and bracket systems apply for anchor uping the brilliant roofs and gaining control the repose of the courtyard. The significance forms tactical maneuver in temple architecture, and the Thian Hock Keng is a all right congressman. It has Windowss that are round to typify Eden, foursquare to typify the Earth, and tiles which were meticulously laid out any in square forms to typify the oral cavity, connoting that one would neer travel hungry here, or in an upside down â€Å"V” form, typifying â€Å"ren” , the Chinese member fo r â€Å"men” , to propose that one can see this topographic point as a sanctuary. Characterized by orange-coloured screwballless clay roof tiles, bricks and terracotta floor tiles. Finial ends of the trend roof ridge expanse outwards like ’swallow tails’ with ‘twining weed’ ornaments merely used above the overturned eaves. The generous usage of granite typifies the Hokkien mode as Quanzhou is a celebrated centre for granite sculptures and carvings. refine symbolisms through pictures and carvings on assorted parts of the timber-bracketed structural system is easy distinguished from the Northern Chinese manner which is largely painted. The presence of chihu gong rounded prances suggests the likely usage of Zhangzhou craftsmen in the building of the temple. Yet, the enforcing group of winged-fairies dou gong above the chief entryway indicates the likely engagement of Quanzhou craftsmen in the carving of secondary thump members.\r\nOur 4th finis h was Nagore Durga Shrine, a good illustration that reflects the blend of the E and the West influences of Islamic Architecture. Although this is a Moslem topographic point of worship, it is non a mosque, unless a shrine, built to mark a visit to the island by a Muslim sanctum big(p) male of the Chulia people ( Muslim merchandisers and usurers from India ‘s Coromandel slideway ) who was going about Southeast Asia distributing the word of Indian Islam. The most interesting ocular characteristic is its frontlet: Two arched Windowss flank an arched manner access, with columns in between. Above these is a â€Å" illumination go ” — a monolithic reproduction of the frontage of a castle, with bantam cutout Windowss and a little arched room access in the center. The cutouts in white stick on make it look like lacing. From the corners of the frontage, two 14-level minarets rise, with triad small domed cutouts on each stage and onion domes on top. Inside, the supp lication halls and two shrines are painted and decorated in flooring cheapjack colourss.\r\nOur 5th finish was the Fuk Tak Chi Temple Museum, upon tote up ining, two enforcing Chinese divinities greet us at the doors. They symbolize ‘the Door God’ which, harmonizing to Chinese folklore, wards off evil liquors. Sing as the Door Gods were our lone(prenominal) comrades on our visit, they appear to hold warded off the museum-goers as good. Mostly dwelling of one chief alfresco courtyard, a little hallway and communion remand beyond that, one can walk somewhat the interior reasonably rapidly. There is a cyclorama in the center of the hallway that depicts what the topographic point might hold looked like back in the twenty-four hours. And so once more, non all museums or temples come to this charming room access in its dorsum wall. Step through the sliding glass door it feels like you have stepped outside turf out it’s air-conditioned. Once the back back street of Fuk Tak Chi, it has now been converted into the anteroom of a hotel with a instead alfresco construct, high ceilings with glass windowpane glasss that fill the hall with natural visible radiation.\r\nOur sixth finish was the Al-Abrar Mosque, we explored the simple Indian manner architecture and the cardinal characteristics of the Chinese Architecture. This mosque, besides called Masjid Chulia, of later the Chulias, the group of Indian usurer immigrants who funded its building, was originally erected as a thatched edifice in 1827, therefore its Tamil name Kuchu Palli, which means â€Å" hut mosque. ” The edifice that stands today was built in the 1850s, and even though it faces Mecca, the daedal conforms to the grid of the vicinity ‘s metropolis streets. It was designated a national memorial in 1974, and in the late eightiess, the mosque underwent major redevelopments that enlarged the mihrab and stripped off some of the cosmetic qualities of the columns in the ed ifice. The one-story supplication hall was extend upward into a two-story gallery. Small touches like the lumber window panels and fanlight Windowss have been carried over into the new redevelopments.\r\nOur concluding finish was the URA Center, we explored the topographic point and the cardinal characteristics of the Singapore map that they have. There were little edifices and the construction of the Singapore. It was a great experience researching the topographic points that we discovered from the map.\r\nTo reason, it was merriment and gratifying detecting the topographic points from Chinatown. The outlandish of involvement given from the map and the cardinal architectural characteristics which adds on to our journey. The experience was a fruitful one on detecting the topographic points of Chinatown.\r\n'

'Sexual Selection Lab\r'

'***START OF varlet 1*** 1) Hypothesis [2 marks] |An isopod’s frame distance and hie affect its chances of predatory animal avoidance. | 2) Plausible reason why/how each independent variables affect the dependent variable. [2 marks] |An isopod’s personify length, specifically if it is short, go out allow it to draw double-quick. If an isopod has low stronghold it will not apparent avoid predators as | |much as an isopod which moves fast. | 3) Prediction(s): [2 marks] If an isopod’s body length and induce have an return on its chances of predator avoidance, then some traits will be better adapted to the environment | |and as a result, would increase the isopod frequency and those traits will be passed on to subsequent generations. | 4) naught Hypothesis: [1 mark] | personate length and an isopod’s speed have no affect on its chances of predator avoidance. | 5) Prediction of Null Hypothesis: [1 mark] If an isopod’s body length and speed h ave no affect on its chances of predator avoidance, then there will be no change to frequency since those traits | |will not be passed on to subsequent generations because they provide no gain in regards to fitness and predator avoidance. | 6) Results and Conclusions: a) Figures 1 (for size) & 2( for speed): Inserted on page 2. [7 marks, 3. 5 marks per emblem] b) Isopod length and achiever against predation: [3 marks] |The mean value average for isopod length in the sign universe is 12. 8mm. The mean average for isopod length in the survivor population is 13. mm. The | |selection potency is 1 mm. There is a slight hammock towards eternal isopods. Looking at the figure 1, the isopods with a body length in the midst of 12. 1 mm- | |15. 0 mm produced the most survivors later on predation. Surprisingly, those with a body length amongst 15. 1mm-18. 0 mm ab initio had a low population, but | | aft(prenominal) predation, they had an change magnitude number of survivors. Ta king this into account, my hypothesis was incorrect because the longer the body length, | |the increase number of survivors you will obtain after predation. | ) Isopod speed and success against predation: [3 marks] |The mean average for isopod speed in the initial population is 0. 91 cm/s. The mean average for isopod speed in the survivor population is about 1. 28 | |cm/s. The selection intensity is 0. 37 cm/s. There is a slight shift towards faster isopods in the surviving population. Looking at figure 2, the | |isopod’s who had a sprint speed amongst 0. 0 cm/s †0. 05 cm/s had the highest amount of predator avoidance in the survivor population. Yet again, the | |isopods who had a sprint speed between 2. cm/s and 3. 0 cm/s had an increased number of survivors (> than initial population). Also, those isopods who | |had sprint speeds between 1. 6 cm/s and 2. 0 cm/s had the same rate of survivors as the initial population. Analyzing these results, my hypothesis is | |s omewhat correct because those who ran the fastest (0. 0 cm/s †0. 05 cm/s) produced the highest number of survivors after predation. | ***END OF foliate 1*** ***START OF PAGE 2*** [pic] Figure 1. relative frequency distribution of isopod body length prior to and after being undefended to a black spoon as the predator.Figure 2. Frequency distribution of isopod sprint speed before and after being placed on a plastic race track and measuring its speed on an interval of 10 seconds. ***END OF PAGE 2*** ***START OF PAGE 3*** 7) Primary publications Search: a) Citation: [1 mark] |1. Zidar, P. , Hribar, M. , Zizek, S. & Strus, J. Behavioural response of mundane isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda) to pyrethrins in soil or food. Eur. J. | |Soil Biol. 51, 51-55 (2012). | b) relevancy to lab experiment: [1 mark] |Discusses changes to an isopod’s behavior when exposed to different environment.Might explain why the isopods behaved a received way in the lab. | 8) Communication (TO BE perfect BY YOUR TA) [2 marks]: Your TA will evaluate your naming as follows: |Poor (0. 5) |Average (1) |Good (1. 5) | magnificent (2) | |Poor syntax, grammar, judgment of conviction | | |Excellent syntax, grammar, sentence| | coordinate and flow rate throughout. Some issues with syntax, grammar, |Minimal issues with syntax, |structure and flow throughout. | |(…It is very difficult to |sentence structure and flow. |grammar, sentence structure and |(… Everything is clear, concise, | |understand what you are trying to | |flow. |and liberal to read. ) | |say. ) | | | | Final Mark: _______ /25 ***END OF PAGE 3***\r\n'

'Rhetorical analysis “The Hardest of the Hardcore”\r'

'It is believed that the unify States allocates approximately 316 meg dollars a year on these groups. Distant from securing companies, they to a fault provide security for the police, and government officials. Most of them atomic number 18 ex-special forces, and veterans. Some argon ex-cons. Some people relate to them as mercenaries, and some people call them builders. Others would take proscribed the armorial bearing as training other soldiers. They argon used all around the world, providing divergent work in swan of the United States armed forces.\r\nWhat is their aim? Student, Dylan Fujitani in his research policy argument, â€Å"The hardest of the hardcore” writes an name suggesting the removal of surreptitious contractors from the lay East. It suggests that there is a commonality misconception that people ar confused between the battle of noncombatant contractors, mercenaries, people in the force, and that civilian contractors should not adopt a milit ary role. He adopts a serious t wizard in order to overtake the attention of his sense of hearing.\r\nThere are a dowry of misconceptions to what some may believe the key objectives of the support staff/ individual(a) contractors/ mercenaries are in the Middle East, and Congress must swiftly act to take aim the playing field between US military personnel and private security contractors. Most of the source’s points in the stress seem relevant, and invariable with my past experiences in dealing with private contractors. I agree that there is a common misconception close the role of the private contractor/mercenary. Historically, the mercenary is a soldier for hire, however, the private contractor also has different dignitary support roles.\r\nFujitani successfully uses pathos in his essay to persuade his audience particularly when he suggests that the use of mercenaries circumvents public, and congressional scrutiny of some aspects of fight (Fujitani 374). The source ’s purpose here is move to persuade people, by giving an emotional woo that civilian contractors (who have questionable prior backgrounds) are armed, are given essentially given sanctioned immunity. Another example of Fujitani using pathos is when he said that placing more contractors in the theater of struggle is a good way to keep US troops numbers checkmate, but politically it’s more expensive.\r\nHere he is suggesting that the United States is act to mask the severity of war. Even though he provided examples from both sides of the case, he’s extremely inefficacious in this area because it seems he was not come to with presenting the counterargument fair-mindedly. Although the writer uses pathos in this particular divide part of his essay, close to of this paper is tidings heavy. These styles of coincidence help the writer convey to his audience a sense of importance by using the row that is quite familiar to the military.\r\nHe indeed uses talk ing to that was easy for military, and nonmilitary personnel to understand. The writer seems very prejudiced, however, uses citations to support his sight. I agree with the writer on the information that was presented, and how he was able to break down the concepts. I understand what he proposes when he references the role of civilian mercenaries. The writer was able to convince readers that his opinion was truly legit using ethos by referencing several produce articles from credible sources. The reference New York Times article also gives good examples to support his reasoning.\r\nIn bank line to what the writer believes, I believe that there is a position that supports the private contracting business overseas. The writer clearly overlooks some important points that should be remark on the contrary. In my experience, I believe civilian contractors provide essential support work to the United States military. It is imperative that the military should not waste worthy resourc es, and work force on support positions. To the contrary of what most people think, war is not always injure at people, capturing prisoners, and kicking down doors 24 hours a day. A lot of essential jobs are in support.\r\nThe use of private contractors help with convoys, logistics, and food services help free up essential manpower for the military to concentrate on high mission profile assignments. In conclusion, the writer’s essay was ineffective because I believe that his essay appeals to one type of audience. The writer seems to not have all knowledge of how wartime operations are drawn out and conducted. Although not perfect, I believe that the use of private contractors are essential and should not be wholly weeded out the process. On the contrary, he was effective because I think he used mostly give-and-take to appeal to his audience.\r\nHe references essentially six principles on why private contractors/mercenaries should be extremely downscaled. He starts off by reference in how mercenaries mantled the true cost of war. Here he explains how civilian contractors actually disguise the number of deployed troops. He goes on and references how civilian contractors have no loyalties, and ultimately resolvent only to their employers and not the military. He again uses logos by citing a report on how mercenaries depute in Saudi Arabia left their post indefinitely, because they were not comfortable.\r\nFujanti then moves to tie the two points together making a clear contrast on how the US military, and civilian mercenaries are accountable to the Geneva Convention. He describes how civilian mercenaries have no accountability to the truth to whereas the US military does. The mercenaries are considered â€Å"noncombatants” and therefore it is baffling for them to fall within the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ). The writer closes his argument by expressing how private contractors frequently hire employees with questionable backgrounds .\r\nHe appeals to his audience by citing an article from the New York Times how 1500 S. African mercenaries are now in the Iraqi area. He expresses that many of the people that are participating admitted to macrocosm former apartheid mercenaries. Fujanti is clearly frustrated knowing that these kinds of practices are frequently carried, nothings done about it, and moves to propose his resolution by conveying that the problems that were discussed earlier needs to be addressed by Congress swiftly, and immediately to treasure the legitimate uses of war from market forces, lawlessness, and the abuse of power.\r\n'

'Athens vs. Sparta Reflection Essay Essay\r'

'As all civilizations do, Athens and Sparta have provided legion(predicate) things for the neo world. And as everything else, both have their strengths and weaknesses. Athens cerebrate more on education and the arts sequence Sparta revolved around military strength and battle. Because Sparta had such(prenominal) a massively influential military, we use tactical manoeuvre and strategies derived from them even today. They invented the Phalanx; a military validation of standing closely packed and moving frontwards slowly to break enemy lines. Spartans overly conceived the conceit of militaristic schools.\r\nThey were also the first to enforce conscription. The Spartans would also train their women to fight for themselves so they would be disposed(p) to defend their homes and lives if there was ever an invasion. They also had many more rights than in the otherwise city-states. They could own property, confabulation to other men aside from their husbands, and be physically edu cated. Women were not useless. This ideal planted the seed for our mode of society today. Athens, on the other hand, dedicated itself to the arts and architecture. Which we do see traces of in the works of the advanced(a) world.\r\nThe Athenians also practiced the first notion of democracy. Although, altogether men could vote. Women, children, nor slaves had that privilege. They were not citizens. Girls were educated (cleaning, cooking, and sewing) until the age of 15, when they were get married off to an older man. Before Athens, Greece had no great(p) architecture; only what was necessary. They developed the idea of having large, ornate building built from mud, clay, terra-cotta, marble, and eventually stone. Many of which even-tempered stand today. The Athenians used a system of terra-cotta vacuum tube underground to distribute water throughout the city.\r\nThis take to a boost in the economy and the whole kit and boodle of plumbing today. They used trial by venire and produced some of the best philosophers of both their and our fourth dimension. Despite organism rivals, both Athens and Sparta (and the rest of the city-states in past Greece) came together for the Olympics. They put aside their differences for that short time and honed their dislike for each other into beating them at the games. The tradition of the Olympics has carried on for about 2700 years from past Greece. In conclusion, both were colossally important.\r\nThey both have their pros and cons. They’re so enormously different but both prospered because of totally different reasons. Sparta: strong, fierce, striving for absolute flawlessness in their citizens and warfare. And then Athens: philosophical, educated, and artistic. Their economy was for the most part different. As was their government, gender roles, social structure, education, and many other things. If they had put aside their differences and worked together, they would have been able to reach out far more than they did separately.\r\n'

'Medicine and Ayurveda\r'

'Ayurveda (Sanskrit: ???????? ; Ayurveda, â€Å"the knowledge for long c beer”; /? a?.? r? ve? d? /[2]) or ayurvedic euphony is a Hindoo brass of  traditional medicament native to India and a figure of alternative medicine. The earlier literature on Indian aesculapian dress appe atomic number 18d during the Vedic period in India,[3] i. e. , in the mid-second millenary BCE. The Susruta Sa? hita and the Charaka Sa? hita, encyclopedias of medicine compiled from different sources from the mid- commencement exercise millennium BCE to more(prenominal) or less calciferol CE,[4]  argon among the groundational works of Ayurveda.Over the following centuries, ayurvedic practiti iodinrs developed a number of medicinal preparations and operative procedures for the sermon of non-homogeneous(a)(a) ailments. [5]  electric current practices derived (or reportedly derived) from Ayurvedic medicine argon turn overed as part of complementary and alternative medicine. [6] Safety concerns allow been raised about Ayurveda, with both U. S. studies finding about 20 percentage of Ayurvedic Indian-manufactured patent medicines contained toxicant levels of corpulent metals much(prenominal) as lead,  quicksilver and arsenic.Other concerns include the expenditure of herbs containing toxic compounds and the lack of quality control in Ayurvedic facilities. At an early period[when? ], Ayurveda adopted the physics of the â€Å" quintet elements” (Devanagari: [??? ] ??????? ); earth (P? thvi), piddle (Jala), fire (Agni), air (Vayu) and space (Akasa) that compose the universe, including the human dust. [9] Ayurveda describes s unconstipated types of tissues of the pipe organic structure, cognise as thesaptadhatu (Devanagari: ???????? ). They argon plasma (rasa dhatu), blood (rakta dhatu), flesh (ma? a dhatu), adipose (medha dhatu), bone (asthi dhatu),marrowà ‚ and nervous (majja dhatu), and reproductive (semen or female reproductive tissue) (sukra dhatu). [10] Ayurvedic literature deals elaborately with measures of sanative living during the entire span of breeding and its different phases. Ayurveda stresses a balance of triplesome elemental energies or humors:Vayu / vata (air & space †â€Å"wind”), pitta (fire & water †â€Å"bile”) and kapha (water & earth †â€Å"phlegm”). concord to ayurvedic medical possible action, these three substances â€Â do? as (Devanagari: ??? †be important for salubriousness, because when they exist in equal quantities, the soundbox will be mendthy, and when they argon not in equal amounts, the personify will be pathological in different ways. One ayurvedic theory asserts that apiece human possesses a unique combination of do? as that define that persons temperament and characteristics. An otherwise view , also present in the antediluvian patriarch literature, asserts that humoral compare is identical to wellness, and that persons with preponderances of humours are proportionately unhealthy, and that this is not their natural temperament.In ayurveda, unlike the Sa? khya philosophical system, at that place are 20 fundamental qualities, gu? a (Devanagari: ??? , meaning qualities) constitutional in all substances. [11] While surgery and running(a) instruments were employed from a really early period, Ayurvedic theory asserts that building a healthy metabolic system, attaining honest digestion, and tight-laced excretion lead to vitality. [11] Ayurveda also focuses on exercise, yoga, and meditation. [12] The practice of panchakarma (Devanagari: ???????? is a therapeutic way of eliminating toxic elements from the frame. [13] As early as the Mahabharata, ayurveda was called â€Å"the acquaintance of octette components” (Skt. a?? a? ga , Devanagari: ??????? ), a classification that became ratified for ayurveda. They are:[14] 1. Internal medicine (Kaya-cikitsa) 2. Paediatrics (Kaumarabh? tyam) 3. military operation (Salya-cikitsa) 4. Opthalmology and ENT (Salakya tantra) 5. Psychiatry has been called Bhuta vidya . [3] 6. Toxicology (Agadatantram) 7. Prevention of complaints and improving immunity and greening (rasayana) 8.Aphrodisiacs and improving health of progeny (Vajikaranam) In Hindu mythology, the origin of ayurvedic medicine is attributed to Dhanvantari, the physician of the gods. [15] ————————————————- Practices Several philosophers in India assentd religion and traditional medicine†remarkable guinea pigs cosmos that of Hinduism and ayurveda. Shown in the image is the philosopher Nagarjunaâ€know loosely for his doctrine of the Madhyama ka (middle path)â€who wrote medical works The Hundred Prescriptions and The singular Collection, among others. [16] [edit] remnantHinduism and Buddhism  cod been an charm on the development of m both an(prenominal) of ayurvedas exchange ideas †particularly its fascination with balance, known in Buddhism as Madhyathmaka (Devanagari: ??????????? ). [17] Balance is emphasized; suppressing natural urges is seen to be unhealthy, and doing so claimed to lead to illness. [17] However, gr exhaust deal are cautioned to ride out within the limits of reasonable balance and measure. [17] For showcase, tenseness is set(p) on moderation of food in organise,[9] sleep, sexual intercourse. [17] [edit]Diagnosis Ayurvedic practitioners come diagnosis by using all flipper senses. 18] Hearing is use to observe the condition of airing and speech. [10] The study of the lethal points or marman marma is of special importance. [11] Ayu rvedic docs regard physical and mental existence to take hold ofher with spirit as a unit, each(prenominal) element having the competency to influence the others. One of the fundamental aspects of ayurvedic medicine is to take this into account during diagnosis and therapy. [edit]Hygiene Hygiene is a central practice of ayurvedic medicine. Hygienic living withdraws regular bathing, purgatorial of teeth, skin care, and eye washing. 10] [edit] interventions Ayurveda stresses the use of plant- base medicines and discourses. Hundreds of plant-based medicines are employed, including  cardamum and cinnamon. Some animal products whitethorn also be used, for example milk, bones, and gallstones. In addition, fats are used ii for consumption and for external use. Minerals, including sulfur, arsenic, lead, copper sulfate and fortunate are also consumed as prescribed. [10] This practice of adding minerals to herbal tea tea medicine is known as rasa sha stra. In more or less cases, alcohol was used as a  narcotizing for the patient undergoing an operation.The advent of Islam introduced opium as a narcotic. [14]  two oil and tar were used to stop bleeding. [10] traumatic bleeding was said to be stopped by iv different methods: ligation of the blood vessel;  cautery by heat; using different herbal or animal preparations local anaestheticly which could facilitate  coagulate; and different medical preparations which could constrict the bleeding or oozing vessels. Various oils could be used in a number of ways, including regular consumption as a part of food, anointing, smearing, head massage, and prescribed covering to infected areas. 19][page needed] [edit]Srotas Ensuring the proper functions of convey (srotas) that transport fluids from one point to another is a vital finale of ayurvedic medicine, because the lack of healthy srotas is thought to cause rheumatism, epilepsy, a utism, paralysis, convulsions, and insanity. Practitioners flummox movementing and prescribe steam-based treatments as a intend to open up the conduct and dilute the do? as[clarification needed] that cause the blockages and lead to unhealthiness. [20] ————————————————- [edit]HistoryOne view of the early narrative of ayurveda asserts that about 1500 BC, ayurvedas fundamental and applied principles got organized and enunciated. In this historical construction, Ayurveda traces its origins to the Vedas, Atharvaveda in particular, and is connected to Hindu religion. Atharvaveda (one of the four most old-fashioned books of Indian knowledge, perception and culture) contains 114 hymns or formulations for the treatment of maladys. Ayurveda originated in and developed from these hymns. In this sense, ayurveda is considered by several(prenominal) to have divi ne origin.Indian medicine has a long history, and is one of the oldest organised systems of medicine. Its earliest concepts are set out in the sacred literary works called the Vedas, especially in the metrical passages of the Atharvaveda, which may peradventure date as far back as the 2nd millennium BC. According to a later(prenominal) writer, the system of medicine was received by Dhanvantari from Brahma, and Dhanvantari was deified as the god of medicine. In later times his place was gradually reduced, until he was credited with having been an earthly king[10] named Divodasa. 22] undergrowth ; Rhodes (2008) hold that this early phase of traditional Indian medicine identified â€Å"fever (takman), cough, consumption, diarrhea, dropsy, abscesses, seizures, tumours, and skin diseases (including leprosy)”. [10] Treatment of complex ailments, including angina pectoris, diabetes, hypertension, and stones, also ensued during thi s period. [5][24] Plastic surgery, couching (a form of cataract surgery), puncturing to release fluids in the abdomen, extraction of foreign elements, treatment of anal fistulas, treating fractures, amputations, cesarean sections, and stitching of wounds were known. 10] The use of herbs and surgical instruments became widespread. [10] The Charaka Samhita text is arguably the principal classic preserveence. It gives emphasis to the triune nature of each person: bole care, mental regulation, and ghostly/consciousness refinement. Other early works of ayurveda include the Charaka Samhita, attributed to Charaka. [10] The earliest surviving excavated write square which contains references to the works of Sushruta is the Bower Manuscript, dated to the sixth century AD. The Bower manuscript is of special cheer to historians due to the presence of Indian medicine and its concepts in cardinal Asia. 25] Vagbhata, the son of a senior doc tor by the name of Simhagupta,[26] also compiled his works on traditional medicine. [10] Early ayurveda had a school of physicians and a school of surgeons. [3] Tradition holds that the text Agnivesh tantra, written by the sage Agnivesh, a student of the sage Bharadwaja, influenced the literature of ayurveda. [27] The Chinese pilgrim Fa Hsien (ca. 337â€422 AD) wrote about the health care system of the Gupta empire (320â€550) and exposit the institutional approach of Indian medicine, also visible in the works of Charaka, who mentions a clinic and how it should be equipped. 28] Madhava (fl. 700), Sarngadhara (fl. 1300), and Bhavamisra (fl. 1500) compiled works on Indian medicine. [25] The medical works of both Sushruta and Charaka were translated into the Arabic language during the Abbasid Caliphate (ca. 750). [29] These Arabic works make their way into europium via intermediaries. [29] InItaly, the Branca family of Sicilyà ‚ and Gaspare Tagliacozzi (Bologna) became familiar with the techniques of Sushruta. [29] British physicians traveled to India to see  rhinoplasty  world performed by native methods. 30] Reports on Indian rhinoplasty were published in the Gentlemans Magazine in 1794. [30] Joseph Constantine Carpue  worn-out(a) 20 years in India studying local plastic surgery methods. [30] Carpue was able to perform the first study surgery in the western human race in 1815. [31] Instruments described in the Sushruta Samhita were further circumscribed in the Western World. [31] ————————————————- [edit]Current status [edit]India According to about sources up to 80 percent of people in India use some(prenominal) form of traditional medicines, a category which includes Ayurveda. 32] In 1970, the Indian Medical Central Council Act which aims to standardize qualifications for ayurveda and provide accredited institutions for its study and research was passed by the Parliament of India. [33] In India, over 100 colleges offer degrees in traditional ayurvedic medicine. [12] The Indian government supports research and teaching in ayurveda by room of many channel at both the discipline and state levels, and helps institutionalize traditional medicine so that it can be studied in major towns and cities. [34] The state-sponsored Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences (CCRAS) has been set up to research the subject. 35] To fight biopiracy and un ethical patents, the Government of India, in 2001, set up the Traditional Knowledge digital Libraryas repository of 1200 formulations of various systems of Indian medicine, such as ayurveda, unani and siddha. [36][37] The library also has 50 traditional ayurveda books digitized and lendable online. [38] Central Council of Indian Medicine (CCIM) a statuto ry be schematic in 1971, under  discussion section of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, monitors higher commandment in ayurveda. 39] Many clinics in urban and uncouth areas are run by professionals who qualify from these institutes. [33] [edit]Sri Lanka The Sri Lankan tradition of Ayurveda is very similar to the Indian tradition. Practitioners of Ayurveda in Sri Lanka refer to texts on the subject written in Sanskrit, which are common to both countries. However, they do differ in some aspects, particularly in the herbs used. The Sri Lankan government has schematic a Ministry of natal Medicine (established in 1980) to doctor and regulate the practice within the country[40] The Institute of Indigenous Medicine (affiliated to the University of Colombo currently ffers undergraduate, postgraduate, and MD degrees in the practice of Ayurveda Medicine and Surger y, and similar degrees in unani medicine. [41] on that point are currently 62 Ayurvedic Hospitals and 208 central dispensaries in the public system, and they served almost 3 million people ( near 11 percent of Sri Lankas total population) in 2010. In total there are currently approximately 20,000 registered practitioners of Ayurveda in the country. [42][43] Many Sri Lankan hotels and resorts offer Ayurveda themed packages, where guests are hard-boiled to a wide array of Ayurveda treatments during their stay. edit]Outside South Asia callable to different laws and medical regulations in the rest of the world, the unregulated practice and commercialization of ayurvedic medicine has raised ethical and legal issues; in some cases, this damages the character of ayurvedic medicine outside India. [44][45][46] ————————————————- [edit]Scientific appraisal In studies in mice, the leaves of Terminalia arjuna have been shown to have analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. [47] As a traditional medicine, many ayurveda products have not been tested in rigorous scientific studies and clinical trials.In India, research in ayurveda is undertaken by the statutory torso of the Central Government, the Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha (CCRAS), through and through a national network of research institutes. [48] A systematic analyse of ayurveda treatments for rheumatoid arthritis concluded that there was insufficient evidence, as most of the trials were not through properly, and the one high-quality trial showed no benefits. [49] A review of ayurveda and cardiovascular diseaseconcluded that the evidence for ayurveda was not convincing, though some herbs seemed promising. 50] Two varieties of sage have been tested in small trials; one trial provided evidence that Salvia lavandulifolia (Spanish sage) may improve w ord recall in young adults,[51] and another provided evidence that Salvia officinalis (Common sage) may improve symptoms in Alzheimers patients. [52] Many plants used as rasayana (rejuvenation) medications are potent antioxidants. [53] Neem appears to have good pharmacological properties. [54] ————————————————- [edit]Safety Rasa shastra, the practice of adding metals, minerals or gems to herbs, may have toxic heavy metals such as lead, mercury and arsenic. 7] Adverse reactions to herbs due to their pharmacology are described in traditional ayurvedic texts, but ayurvedic practitioners are antipathetical to admit that herbs could be toxic and that reliable randomness on herbal toxicity is not quick available. And there is communication gap between new- do medicine practitioners and Ayurvedic practitioners[55] According to a 1990 study on ayu rvedic medicines in India, 41 percent of the products tested contained arsenic, and 64 percent contained lead and mercury. 32] A 2004 study engraft toxic levels of heavy metals in 20 percent of ayurvedic preparations made in South Asia and sold in the Boston area, and concluded that ayurvedic products posed serious health risks and should be tested for heavy-metal contamination. [56] A 2008 study of more than 230 products found that approximately 20 percent of remedies (and 40 percent of rasa shastra medicines) purchased over the Internet from both US and Indian suppliers contained lead, mercury or arsenic. 7][57][58] In 2012 touch for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in uppercase states in its report that Ayurvedic drugs has links to lead intoxication on the basis of some cases presented where some significant woman had taken Ayurvedic drugs toxic materials were found in their blood. [59] Ayurvedic proponents believe that the toxicity of these materials is r educed through purging fulfilles such as samskaras or shodhanas (for metals), similar to the Chinese pao zhi, although the ayurvedic technique is more complex and may involve prayers as well as physical pharmaceutics techniques.However, these products have nonetheless caused severe lead inebriety and other toxic effects. [7][57] Due to these concerns, the Government of India control that ayurvedic products must specify their metallic content forthwith on the labels of the product,[8] but, writing on the subject for Current Science, a publication of the Indian Academy of Sciences, M. S. Valiathan mention that â€Å"the absence of post-market surveillance and the paucity of test laboratory facilities [in India] make the quality control of Ayurvedic medicines exceedingly ambitious at this time. [8]Ayurveda can be defined as a system, which uses the inherent principles of nature, to help maintain health in a person by retentiveness the idiosyncr aticistics body, mind and spirit in perfect remainder with nature. What is the Origin of Ayurveda? : Widely regarded as the oldest form of health care in the world, Ayurveda is an intricate medical system that originated in India thousands of years ago. The fundamentals of Ayurveda can be found in Hindu scriptures called the Vedas â€ the ancient Indian books of wisdom. The  specify Veda, which was written over 6,000 years ago, contains a series of prescriptions that can help humans overcome various ailments.What does Ayurveda do to you? : The aim of this system is to continue illness, heal the sick and preserve life. This can be summed up as follows: * To protect health and prolong life (â€Å"Swasthyas swasthya rakshanam”) * To eliminate diseases and dysfunctions of the body (â€Å"Aturasya vikar prashamanamcha”) What are the Basic Principles of Ayurveda? : Ayurveda is based on the premise that the universe is made up of v elements: air, fire, water, e arth and ether. These elements are represented in humans by three â€Å"doshas”, or energies: Vata, Pitta and Kapha.When any of the doshas accumulate in the body beyond the loveable limit, the body loses its balance. Every singular has a intelligible balance, and our health and well-being depend on get a right balance of the three doshas (â€Å"tridoshas”). Ayurveda signals peculiar(prenominal) lifestyle and nutritional guidelines to help individuals reduce the pointless dosha. A healthy person, as defined in Sushrut Samhita, one of the primary works on Ayurveda, is â€Å"he whose doshas are in balance, appetite is good, all tissues of the body and all natural urges are functioning properly, and whose mind, body and spirit are cheerful… What is ‘Tridosha or the supposition of Bio-energies? : The three doshas, or bio-energies found in our body are: * Vata pertains to air and ether elements. This energy is ge nerally seen as the force, which directs heart impulses, circulation, respiration, and elimination. * Kapha pertains to water and earth elements. Kapha is answerable for growth and protection. The mucousal lining of the stomach, and the cerebral- spinal fluid that protects the humor and spinal column are examples of kapha. * Pitta pertains to fire and water elements.This dosha governs metabolism, e. g. , the shift of foods into nutrients. Pitta is also responsible for metabolism in the organ and tissue systems. What is ‘Panchakarma or the Therapy of catharsis? : If toxins in the body are abundant, then a cleansing process known as panchakarma is recommended to purge these unwanted toxins. This fivefold purification therapy is a classical form of treatment in ayurveda. These specialized procedures consist of the following: * therapeutical vomiting or emesis (Vaman) * abreaction (Virechan) enema (Basti) * Elimination of toxins through the nose (N asya) * Bloodletting or detoxification of the blood (Rakta moksha) The roots of ayurveda| | | | Ayurveda,the oldest system of medicine in the world, traces its roots to the Vedic period in ancient India. The Vedas contain practical and scientific information on various subjects beneficial to the humanity like health, philosophy, engineering, astrology etc. Vedic Brahmans were not only priests performing religious rites and ceremonies, they also became the Vaidyas (Ayurvedic Physicians).The Sage- Physician- Surgeons of that time were the same sages or seers, deeply devoted holy people , who motto health as an integral part of spiritual life. It is said, that they received their training of Ayurveda through direct perception during meditation. In other words, the knowledge of the use of various methods of healing, prevention, longevity and surgery came through Divine apocalypse . These revelations were transcribed from the oral tradition into book form, intersper sed with the other aspects of life. | | |  |  | | | Consequently Ayurveda grew into a respected and widely used system of healing in India.Around CA. 1500 Before. Common era. Ayurveda was delineate into eight specific branches of medicine and there were two main schools â€Â Atreya, the school of physicians, and Dhanvantari , the school of surgeons. These two schools made Ayurveda a more scientifically verifiable and identifiable medical system. People from numerous countries came to Indian Ayurvedic schools to goldbrick this medical science. They came from China, Tibet, Greece, Rome, Egypt ,Afghanistan, Persia etc. to learn the pad wisdom and bring it back to their own countries.Ayurvedic texts were translated in Arabic and  physicians such as Avicenna and Razi Sempion, who both quoted Ayurvedic texts , established Islamic Medicine. This medicine became popular in Europe and helped to form the foundation of the European tradition in medicine. In the 16th Century Europe , Paracelsus , who is known as the father of modern Western medicine, exercise and propagated a system of medicine which borrowed heavily from Ayurveda.. | | Principles of Ayurveda| | | | |  |  |  | | | Ayurveda is a holistic healing science which comprises of two words, Ayu and Veda.Ayu means life and Vedameans knowledge or science. So the factual meaning of the word Ayurveda is the science of life. Ayurveda is a science dealing not only with treatment of some diseases but is a complete way of life. Ayurveda aims at making a happy, healthy and peaceful society. The two most important aims of Ayurveda are:  + To maintain the health of healthy people + To cure the diseases of sick peopleA psyche is seen in Ayurveda as a unique individual made up of five primary elements. These elements are ether (space), air, fire,water and earth. Just as in nature, we also have these five elements in us.When any of these elements are im fit  in the environment , they will in turn have an influence on us. The foods we eat and the weather are just two examples of the influence of these elements . While we are a composite of these five primary elements, certain elements are seen to have an competency to coincide to create various physiological functions. The elements combine with Ether and Air in dominence to form what is known in Ayurveda as Vata Dosha. Vatagoverns the principle of movement and and so can be seen as the force which directs nerve impulses, circulation, respiration and elemination etc. The elements with Fire and Water in dominence combine to form the Pitta Dosha . The Pitta Dosha is responsible for the process of change or metabolism. The transformation of foods into nutrients that our bodies can assimilate is an example of a Pitta function. Pitta is also responsible for metabolism in the organ and tissue systems as well as cellular metabolism. Fina lly, it is predominantly the water and earth elements which combine to form the Kapha Dosha. Kapha is responsible for growth, adding structure unit by unit.It also offers protection , for example, in form of the cerebral-spinal fluid,which protects the brain and spinal column. The mucousal lining of the stomach is another example of the function of Kapha Dosha protecting the tissues. |   | | We are all made up of unique proportions of Vata,Pitta and Kapha. These ratios of the Doshas vary in each individual and because of this Ayurveda sees each person as a special mixture that accounts for our diversity. Ayurveda gives us a model to look at each individual as a unique makeup of the three doshas and to thereby design treatment protocols that specifically address a persons health challenges.When any of the doshas become accumulated, Ayurveda will suggest specific lifestyle and nutritional guidelines to assist the individual in reducing the dosha that has become excessive. Also herbal medicines will be suggested , to cure the imbalance and the disease. mind this main principle of Ayurveda , it offers us an explanation as to why one person responds differently to a treatment or diet than another and why persons with the same disease might yet petition different treatments and medications. | | |     |          |      | Other important rudimentary principles of Ayurveda which are briefly mentioned here are: 1. Dhatus- These are the basic tissues which maintain and nourish the body. They are seven in number namely- rasa(chyle), raktha(blood), mamsa(muscles),meda(fatty tissue), asthi(bone), majja(marrow) and sukla(reprodutive tissue). Proper amount of each dhatu and their fit function is very important for good health. 2. Mala- These are the waste materials catchd as a run of various metabolic activities in the body. They are mainly urine, feaces, sweat etc.Proper elimination of the malas is equally important for good health. accruement of malas causes many diseases in the body. 3. Srotas- These are different types of channels which are responsible for transportation of food, dhatus,malas and doshas. Proper functioning of srotas is necessary for transporting different materials to the site of their requirement. Blockage of srotas causes many diseases. 4. Agni- These are different types of enzymes responsible for digestion and transforming one material to another. All these factors should function in a proper balance for good health.They are inter-related and are immediately or indirectly responsible for maintaining equilibrium of the tridoshas. Balance and Harmony of the Three Doshas When the three Doshas are well harmonised and function in a balanced manner, it results in good nourishment and well-being of the individual . But when there is imbalance or disharmony within or between them, it will result in elemental imbalance , le ading to various kinds of ailments. The Ayurvedic concept of physical health revolves round these three Doshas and its primary purpose is to help maintain them in a balanced state and thus to prevent disease.This humoral theory is not unique to the ancient Indian Medicine : The Yin and Yang theory in Chinese medicine and the Hippocratic theory of four humours in Greek medicine are also very similar. |      | | The Qualities of the Three Doshas The three Doshas possess qualities and their increase or decrease in the system depends upon the similar or antagonistic qualities of everything ingested. Vata is : dry, frigid, light, mobile, clear, rough, subtle Pitta is : slightly oily, hot, impatient, light, fluid,free flowing, foul smelling. Kapha is: oily, cold, heavy, stable, viscid, smooth, diffuse Both Vata and Pitta are light and only Kapha is heavy.Both Vata and Kapha are cold and only Pitta is hot. Both Pitta and Kapha  are moist and oily and only Vata is dry. |     | | Anything dry almost eer increases Vata , anything hot increases Pitta and anything heavy , Kapha. Puffed rice is dry, cold light and rough †overindulgence in smoke rice therefore is likely to increase Vata in the overindulger. Mustard oil is oily , hot , intense , fluid , strong-smelling and liquid and increases Pitta in the consumer. Yoghurt , which , being creamy, cold, heavy, viscid, smooth and soft , is the very image of Kapha , adds to the bodys Kapha when eaten.All five dollar bill elemets , as expressed through Vata, Pitta and Kapha , are essential to life, working together to create health or wee disease. No one dosha can produce or sustain life †all three must work together , each in its own way. | | | PURIFICATION THERAPY| | | ‘Health is purity and disease is impurity So purification is the treatment. ’                     (old Indian saying)| | | Purification therapy is a unique feature of Ayurveda by which the complete cure and non retort of disease is made possible.The usable components (doshas, namely vatha, pitha & kapha ) move all around the body through the channels of circulation to do the conventionalism physiological activities. The disease is the result of imbalance in the quantity and quality of the doshas. During the disease process, the unbalanced doshas get lodged in the light(a) parts of the channels of circulation and produce the disease symptoms. If the channels of circulation are pure and healthy, even the aggravated doshas cannot locate anywhere and produce disease      Ayurveda offers two measures in the management of a disease 😐 | | . Pacifying therapy :- in which the unbalanced doshas are pacified with in the body itself. As this therapy don’t cleanse the channels of circulation, there is the possibi lity of reprovocation when exposed to similar precipitating(prenominal) factors. This therapy is suited in conditions in which there is not much vitiation of the doshas. 2. Purification therapy :- It is aimed at the complete bulge of the unbalanced doshas and the purification of the channels of circulation. As the channels are cleansed and strengthened by this process, the chance of recurrence is nil.  |  | Purification therapy can be utilize not only for curing diseases but to maintain health. No other systems of medicine can offer such an effective treatment measure. So we can proudly declare our superiority of Ayurveda to any other systems on account of its purification therapy. The purification otherwise called ‘Pancha karma therapy is   implemented in five ways. | | | 1. Enema therapy :- It is best for vatha imbalance. 2. Purgation therapy :- Best for pitha imbalance. 3. Emesis therapy :- For kapha imbalance. 4. Nasal drops :- For all diseases to a higher place the neck. 5.Blood letting :- Best for removing blood impurities. | | |  |  | | Stages of the treatment|  | | graduation dress :- This includes the external and internal application oils followed with abettal or sudation. By this the unbalanced doshas lodged in the weak parts of the channels are liquified and loosened. main(prenominal) or second stage :- In this stage the loosened and liquified doshas are expelled out of the body by the appropriate purifactory procedure. Post therapy :- This includes the regimens to be rehearse after the purification. This is mainly intended to augment the digestive fire. | |\r\n'

'Multimedia Basics Essay\r'

'Application of multimedia system system:\r\nmultimedia finds its application program in various aras including, advertisements, art, procreation, pleasure, engineering, medicine, mathematics, business, and scientific research applications. A few application beas of multimedia be listed beneath:\r\nEntertainment and Fine Arts:\r\nIn addition, multimedia is heavily used in the entertainment industry, oddly to develop special(a) effects in movies and animations. Multimedia games are a popular pastime and are software programs available either as CD-ROMs or online. Some video games also use multimedia features. Multimedia applications that allow users to actively participate preferably of just sitting by as hands-off recipients of information are called Interactive Multimedia.\r\nEducation:\r\nIn Education, multimedia is used to produce ready reckoner-based training courses (popularly called CBTs) and grapheme books like encyclopedia. A CBT lets the user go with a series of presentations, text about a particular topic, and associated illustrations in various information formats. Edutainment is an casual term used to describe combining education with entertainment, especially multimedia entertainment.\r\nEngineering:\r\nSoftware engineers whitethorn use multimedia in Computer Simulations for anything from entertainment to training such as military or industrial training. Multimedia for software port wines are frequently done as collaboration between imaginative professionals and software engineers.\r\nIndustry:\r\nIn the Industrial sector, multimedia is used as a way to inspection and repair present information to shareholders, superiors and coworkers. Multimedia is also steadying for providing employee training, advertising and selling products all over the beingness via virtually unlimited web-based technologies.\r\nMathematical and Scientific investigate:\r\nIn Mathematical and Scientific Research, multimedia is in general used for mode ling and simulation. For example, a scientist fundament date at a molecular model of a particular substance and manipulate it to arrive at a new substance. Representative research can be found in journals such as the Journal of Multimedia.\r\nMedicine:\r\nIn Medicine, doctors can sign on trained by looking at a virtual surgery or they can acquire how the human body is affected by diseases bedcover by viruses and bacteria and then develop techniques to obstruct it.\r\nMultimedia System Architecture:\r\nMultimedia encompasses a large variety of technologies and integration of multiple architectures interacting in real time. All of these multimedia capabilities must amalgamate with the standard user interfaces such as Microsoft Windows. The adjacent figure describes the architecture of a multimedia workstation environment.\r\nFrom the higher up figure: the left side is very corresponding to non-multimedia systems. Right side shows the architecture of multimedia back up syste m. Multimedia Extensions is used to enhance the speed of process. The accession multimedia devices and peripherals include scanner, video camera, VCR, and sound equipment on with their associated device controllers. For each of these special devices, a special software device driver is needed to put up the interface from the application to the device. The graphical user interface designed primarily for windows managed by applications at improve resolution; require control to extensions to support applications such as full-motion video or remote desktop.\r\nEvolving Technologies for Multimedia Systems:\r\nMultimedia applications use a number of technologies generated for some(prenominal) commercial business application as puff up as the video game industry. Let us review some of these technologies in this section.\r\nHypermedia archive:\r\nHypermedia documents are documents which have text, embedded or linked multimedia objects such as image, audio, hologram, or full-motion vi deo.\r\nHypertext:\r\nHypertext implements the organization of non-sequential of data by natural familiarity of information. Hypertext systems allow authors to link information together; form information paths through a large bulk of related text in documents. It also allows notation existing text, and appending notes. It allows straightaway and easy searching and reading material of selected excerpts.\r\nHyper barbarism\r\nMultimedia stimulated the development of general-purpose speech interfaces. Speech synthesis and speech recognition are fundamental requirement for hyperspeech systems. Speech recognition is zippo but converting the analog speech into a computer action and into ASCII text. Speech-recognition systems cannot segment a stream of sounds without breaks into purposeful units. The user must speak in a stilted fashion. He should make sure to stash away silence between each word.\r\n3D and Holography:\r\n cubic technologies are concerned with two areas: pointing devices and displays. 3-D pointing devices are essential to manipulate object in a 3-D display system. 3-D displays are achieved use holography techniques.\r\nDigital place Processing:\r\nDigital Signal Processing is used in applications such as digital servos in hard disk drives, and autotype/modems. DSP technology is used in Digital radio receiver communications, such as personal communication networks (pens), radio set local area networks and digital cordless phones.\r\nDSP Architectures and Applications:\r\nA typical DSP run system architecture would ensure the following subsystems: Memory Management: DSP architectures provide impulsive allocation of arrays from multiple segments, including RAM, SRAM and DRAM. Hardware-Interrupt handling: A DSP operating system must be designed to disparage hardware interrupt latency to ensure fast response to real time events for applications, such as servo systems. Multitasking: DSPs need real-time kernels that provide pre-emptive mult itasking and user-defined and energising task prioritization.\r\n'