Understanding Nutrition

Al-Quds University automobile trunk Fluid Lab. Report Chemical Examination of Urine Prep bed By Lucia Principles Benedicts Test for Reducing Sugars Urinary sugars when boiled in Benedicts reagent reduce hogsulphateto a reddish cupfulrous oxide precipitate in alive alkalic medium, the enduringness of which is proportional to the amount of sugar present in the pee. The results are reported as 1+,2+, etc. depending upon thecolourand intensity of the cuprous oxide precipitate. turbidimetric system protein in piddle Quantitative Tests for 24-Hour Specimens. Trichloroacetic venereal disease (TCA) test.The asset of TCA to a pissing specimen precipitates the protein in a fine interruption that is quantified spectrophotometric on the wholey at 420 nm (nanometers) by comparison with a similarly enured standard. Heat and acetic acid rule Heat test establish on the principle of heat coagulation and recklessness of proteins. If any turbidity appears, add 2 drops of 33% acetic acid. (Acidification is necessary because in alkaline medium heating whitethorn precipitate phosphates). If the precipitate is due to proteins, it provide increase on acidification and if it is due to phosphates, it will dissolve again.Sulphosalicylicacid method Urine Protein Sulfosalicylic Acid Precipitation Test (SSA) Principle Three per centum (3%) Sulfosalicylic Acid (SSA reagent) is added to a small and equal volume of clear urine. The acidification causes precipitation of protein in the sample (seen as increasing turbidity), which is subjectively graded as trace,1+, 2+, 3+ or 4+. Bence J geniuss protein Bence Jones answer involves heating urine to 140F (60C). At this temperature, the Bence Jones proteins will clump. The clumping disappears if the urine is further heated up to boiling and reappears when the urine is cooled.Other clumping procedures using salts, acids, and other chemicals are to a fault utilize to detect these proteins. These types of test will reveal wheth er or non Bence Jones proteins are present, but non how much is present. haemosiderin Hemosiderin stain is employ to indicate the front end of iron storage granules called hemosiderinby microscopical examination of urine sediment. Granules of hemosiderin stain blue when potassium ferrocyanide is added to the sample. The Prussian blue stain may likewise be used to name siderocytes (iron-containing red blood cells RBCs) in peripheral blood.The presence of siderocytes in move RBCs is abnormal. Urobilinogen This test is based on a modified Ehrlich reaction in which p-diethylaminobenzaldehyde reacts with urobilinogen in a strongly acid medium. colour in range from light pink to bright magenta. Results * Benedicts Test result for cup G3 4+ Brown color appear. * Turbidimetric method result for cup of 24-hrs urine Tube Absorbance Test+test-blank 0. 058 Standard+water blank 0. 010 Calculation good protein (mg/dl)=At/Ast ? conc. St 0. 058/0. 010 ? 100=580 mg/dl Total protien(mg/ 24 hrs) =urine protein (mg/dl)? urine volume(ml)/100 = 580? 2000/100)=11600 mg /dl Normal values 0-150 mg/24 hrs * Heat and acetic acid method and Sulphosalicylicacid method for cup P4 4+ precipitation appeared. * Bence Jones protein for cup P4 Clear after 15 min of boiling so negative for Bence Jones protein. * Hemosiderin results Few Hemosiderin granules was seen under Microscope * Urobilinogen result for cup G3Negative result (no sort of red color). Interpretation Benedicts Test for Reducing Sugars Normal urine does non contain any reducing sugar. If protein is present in large amounts, it may interfere with the precipitation of the cuprous oxide.To overcome this problem, precipitate the proteins using 3% SSA filter using aWhatmanfilter paper and use the distort to test the amount of sugar present. As a quality lead measure, standards containing known amounts of glucose are prepared in saturated benzoic acid and one of the standards is used every day to check the reliabil ity of the patients results. The standard results may be transformed in the by-line semi-quantitative way. turbidimetric method protein in urine For turbidimetric methods, there were no apparent problems of relative bias between human albumin and serum-based materials and urines used in this study.Perhaps this was because all materials were diluted in 9 g/L saline turbidimetric methods mostly suffer from failure of standards and samples to form precipitates identically,and precipitation may not come about at low protein concentrations in urines of high ionic strength. Heat and acetic acid method This test is sensitive enough to detect protein big money to a concentration of 2-3 mg%. Ifan alkalineurine is boiled, the protein may be converted into the so- called alkalinemetaprotein, which is not coagulated by heat. Therefore it is evermore better to acidify the urine before doing this test.If too much acetic acid is added, the protein may be converted to the so-called acidmetap rotein, which is also not coagulated by heat. Therefore the urine should be all mildly acidic. Sulphosalicylicacid method Thesulphosalicylicacid method will not detect protein ina normalurine, but will be sensitive enough to detect protein present down to 20mg%. As a quality control measure, a 22g/dl albumin solution crowd out be diluted appropriately with 0. 9 g/dl atomic number 11 chloride to get standards containing 20, 50, 200, 500 and 2500 mg/dl proteins.These standards are stable for one month when stored at 2-80C. Bence Jones protein Monoclonal light chain proteinuria (Bence Jones proteinuria) is seen in patients with light chain myeloma, in approximately 50% of those with IgG and immunoglobulin A myeloma, and in some patients with other lymphoproliferative disorders (eg, macroglobulinaemia) and plasma cell dyscrasias (amyloid). Entire paraprotein molecules may also be detected in serum. Urine protein dipsticks do not detect Bence-Jones protein. Hemosiderin Hemosiderin is present in diseases involving a certain siderosis of kidney parenchyma (hemochromatosis).It is also present 2-3 days after an acute hemolytic chronological sequence that produces hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinuria. Hemosiderin granules are found in intact nephritic tubular epithelial cells or occasionally in casts and may also be seen extracellularly. Urobilinogen Interpretation of results will depend upon several factors the discrepancy of color perception the presence or absence of inhibitory factors the presence or absence of inhibitory factors typically found in urine, the special(prenominal) gravity or the pH and the lighting conditions under which the product is used.