Daedalus and Icarus Essay

When you take e genuinelything into detail, you exit notice that the artist, Anthony Van Dyck, painted Icarus (left) very pale. While Daedalus, Icarus father, was painted with a darker complexion.The minimize resembles the color gray, whereas in the tale Daedalus and Icarus are surrounded by brick walls, with a lone window that leave soon become their escape route. I in like mannerk into account that Anthony Van Dyck refined Daedalus in a toga, whereas Icarus is trying to cover himself with what seems to be a book binding that resembles the color of his fathers toga. The travel seem to be to a greater extent life-like wherefore described in the story. In the story it states that Daedalus made the wings from climb up and feathers, and that is what led to the death of Icarus. To conclude, Anthony Van Kyck used pale colours that seem to bring to mind death.AnalysisAs I say before, Anthony van Dyck used pale colors to paint and this seems very yen because it seems that there is a hint of sadness. With Icarus coloring it seems as if he is already dead and the blanket is the burial shroud that the ancient Greeks were either inhumed in or burned in. Like I said before, the background is gray and unlike the story, it doesnt show a brick wall with a lone window. This once more brings to mind that it is to foreshadow the tragic revoke of Icarus. Daedalus seems to get under ones skin been painted with a darker complexion than his son Icarus which tells you that Daedalus will perplex alive and well. If you take into account what the characters are doing in the painting you will notice that while Daedalus is trying to explain how to use the wings, Icarus is daydreaming somewhat flying. This seems to be the flat coat for his later on demise. Sadly this paintings shows nothing of Icarus actual demise, but Anthony Van Dyck does a wonderful job of showing the establishment of the wings and the reason of Icarus down glisten.ThemeThe morals of Daedalus and Ic arus were listening to superiors, and fear in god(s). The reason for ,listening to superiors, being incorporated with the story is because if Icarus had listened to his father than he would havenever flown to his doom. This is shown in the painting where Daedalus seems to be explaining something to Icarus, but Icarus looks to the distance as if already imagining his upcoming flight. In the book Daedalus explains to Icarus that if he flies too low the ocean spray will cover his wings and take for him too heavy to fly. If he flies to high then the sunshines heat will melt the wax and cause him to fall into the ocean, where the strong waves will drown him. Icarus, despite his fathers ensample flies high believing he could go higher then the gods themselves and then plummets to his death because the suns heat melted the wax. The reason this has to do with fearing the gods is because since he believed he could achieve something that gods could angered them. In a way the gods did repay Icarus with misfortune, because Apollo is the sun god and it was his heat the melted the wax and sent Icarus to his watery grave.

How Are Racial Issues Such As Stereotyping, Centrality and Stacking Related to the Olympics?

on that point be different uses in the Olympics, which deal with racialist issues. Stacking, centrality and stereotyping are only if three. Stereotyping is defined as when the athletes are said to be good or bad at authentic sports payable to their extend or ethnicity. An manikin of the stereotyping is that sinless(prenominal)ness men cant jump. Stacking is where players are gravel into positions and sports based on their ethnic play down. An example of stacking is the North Americans in the marathons. A linked theory is called centrality this is where the sovereign group in society does the dominant role in a team or sport, (in the UK and USA this tends to be WASPs ( light Anglo Saxon Protestants)). An example of centrality is the Olympic Committee being mostly white. every(prenominal) race is assortd where mint label a group of multitude as all having the same image or characteristics for example people say that black people are faster at sprinting than white people. This isnt a racist comment as it is the truth. Scientists check found that Athletes of westward African descent which include most African American, Caribbean and black British athletes have a physique that is suited to explosive events, requiring sprinting and jumping. Such athletes induce what biologists call a mesomorphic physique with bigger, to a greater extent visible muscles including a larger chest. Their muscles contain a higher proportion of fast-twitch fibres than do whites or East Africans. Athletes of West African descent also possess less body fat, a higher centre of gravity, narrower hips, and higher levels of testosterone in their blood. There are myths that are formed based on this information that isnt square like Black men cant swim.These myths can lead to putting a person off a certain race from entering the Olympics. They may start the particular sport because of the stereotype. However, there is also the negative stereotype that people will non take up a certain sport as they are channelled towards certain sports due to their ethnic background or race. They also might take to take up a sport that they havent seen anyone form their racial background competing and therefore will not take up that sport. There is a lot of over pattern at the moment but only in specific sports, for example there are lots of Afro-Caribbeans competing in boxing and sprinting, Asians competing in badminton and hockey, and ultimately the Far East compete mostly in table tennis and gymnastics.There has always been racism in the Olympics. One of the biggest issues was in 1936 at the Berlin games. Jesse Owens, one of the greatest track and field athletes of all times came to the Games holding devil world records. In all four events, Owens either equalled the active Olympic record or broke world records. He went al-Qaida with four gold medals. His three other African Americans teammates also won Olympic medals. But Hitler refused to recognize the achieve ments of Owens and his black auxiliaries as he called them. Hitler walked come forth of the stadium when the time came to congratulate and pre displace them with their well-won medals. He did not want to shake hands with black people who he considered inferior to his Indo-Aryan race.In another case of racism in the 1968 Mexico City Olympics, two African American sprinters, Tommy Smith and John Carlos raised a black-gloved fist (the Black power salute) while on the victory stand to reject U.S. racial policies, causing acts of hooliganism and fighting among the Americans in the stadium. Both athletes were expelled from the Games and they were sent home like criminals. Carlos claimed that Ours was not a political act it was a moral act-and thats all right.Also at these Games was the expulsion of due south Africa due to the Apartheid, which has also been a major factor in Olympic history. They were not allowed to compete in the Olympics from 1964 to 1992 due to the discrimination b etween Black and White races. This showed that strong racist issues such as these were not being tolerated, the Olympics were startle to reflect world union, and everyone is equal. It caused major problems in the Montreal games 1976 because many African nations boycotted the games. They were in protest at New Zealand entering, because the New Zealand rugby team, the All Blacks, had toured South Africa, where apartheid was taking place. Finally though in 1992 South Africa abolished Apartheid and was allowed back into the Barcelona games.As time as gone on roles of black people have changed. Nowadays there are many black role models for example there is Denise Lewis. She encourages young black girls to partake in athletics. More and more people of different origins are taking part in sports that they are expected not to take part in.Stereotyping, centrality and stacking are still calamity in the Olympics now. Take the 100m final in the Athens Games there was not one single white man in that race just black men.

Health Care Marketing Analysis Paper

Marketing for Health business governance Lydia Wooten Health C atomic number 18 Marketing Analysis HCS/539 November 26, 2012 Debra Schrager Health C are Marketing Analysis plan origin has been established since 1916. That was readyd by women named Sanger, her sister, and friend that created a birth chair clinic. They develop be after origin for the reasoning on fighting for womens wellness, rights, and equality. The caller-up stood for each right of individual to have tick of his or her mellowness regardless of income status, marital status, race, age, nationality, or sexual orientation. Sanger incorporates the American Birth curtail League, an ambitious new organization that embraces the global issues of human race population growth, disarmament, and world famine ( aforethought(ip) parentage, n. d. ). be after stemma leads many go on reproductive wellness operate and for reason they are the largest in the U. S. including cancer screening,human immunodeficiency vir usscreening and counselling, contraception, andabortion. Other wellness operate may not unfold family planning as Planned line does and they help serve a large proportion of women.Planned Parenthood helps pity, test, and treat a large break out of the population including teenagers, men and women. Several corporations and media are against the organization for reasons but Planned Parenthood believes they are the help, face and voice for the people who need rede or aid. Throughout this paper I go away describe how product, pricing, place, and furtherance are important to the establishment of Planned Parenthood. Product Planned Parenthood is design for a health services to assist anyone whether young, male or female and assist them in many areas.Some of their services are checkups for reproductive or sexual health problems, infertility screening and referral, routine corporeal exams, vasectomy, and prostate cancer screenings along with many more services. Women who are purs uance specialized health services have the opportunity to received their services which include contraceptions which can be birth control or morning after pill, abortions, screening, testing such as human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS or any different sexual transmitted disease, maternity testing, prenatal allot, infertility, and general health care.Pricing Planned Parenthood offer low- constitute services to all that seek health care service. The price will vary based on the fictional character of procedure that will be neededsuch as abortion range from $350 to $485. One skilful option that Planned Parenthood offers is a service where it is little or no cost that depends on the family size or the income of the patient. Planned Parenthood works to make health care accessible and affordable. Some health centers are able to charge according to income. Most accept health insurance.If you put away, Medicaid or other state programs may lower your health care costs (Planned Parenthoo d, 2012). For instance, if a single parent makes less than $2,522 per month it is workable there health service can be low cost or even free because of the low income due to cost of living. For patients who qualify for free services include birth control, pap smears, emergency contraception, and sterilization. roughly other reason why Planned Parenthood Price is free or low cost than other health services because they rely on donations from other avenues.Planned Parenthood receives one-third of its bud deject, $300 million, from the federal official official G everywherenment from US taxpayers (Parker, 2008). Place Planned Parenthood is national known and they have over 77 locations throughout the U. S. and just recently they are global. There are 77different independent local affiliates that operate over 800 health centers around the fall in States (Planned Parenthood, n. d. ). severally health facility offers different services due to regulations that some health clinics may offer and it could be illegal at other clinics such as abortions. Planned Parenthood offers datarmation for teens at the clinics.There is advise for the teens which allows them to understand certain changes that occurs with their bodies as well as support and which gives them tautologic guidance if they were to get pregnant or decide to have an abortion. Each clinic alike has a counselor who is available to help those patients overcome thorny times or understand why things are happening to them. The employees are trained to help with all showcase of health services and counseling methods to help the patients understand the organization but also to help the organization to understand the patients. Promotion Planned Parenthood is advanced by proceeding gillyflower engages in educational and electoral activity, including legislative advocacy, voter education, and grassroots organizing to promote the Planned Parenthood (Planned Parenthood Fund Inc, 2012). Planned Parenthood is advert with billboards all around the U. S for their services, Internet access for the new generation, and publication commercials on television to help export their services to help create new patient clientele. Another major promotion Planned Parenthood is established is the Susan G Komen breast cancer foundation.There foundation has recently joined together with Planned Parenthood to promote the importance of breast exam and early cancer detection. Another promotion tool that was recently employ was during the debates from both candidates on prochoice or choice for the status on Planned Parenthood. The market placeing tool has promoted in rural areas where majority patients who are without health insurance or low income families normally tolerate. Marketing and Partnerships Planned Parenthood has partnered with the girl scouts where they appeared on NBC Today Show and show their support for the presidential term (Beckman, 2012).Just recently Planned Parenthood is joining w ith MTV and Kaiser to raise awareness on STDs to the spring chicken. Interesting fact for the campaign that they encourage people of all ages to get themselves tested on STDs which was called get yourself tested (GYT) (Planned Parenthood, 2009). Planned Parenthood do a great move with Partnering with MTV so the advertising can contain their attention on young adults and teenagers which were marketable. MTV is an advertising tool that focuses on those who live in rural areas or people who are undecided on what is the best health care service to partake in.Target Market prior(prenominal) till now, Planned Parenthood focused more on communication to the public by advertising and by helping the black communities in the United States. Most of the Planned Parenthood in America clinics was strategically put in place that is located in black neighborhoods and schools. Since the Federal Government is responsible for one-third of the funding for Planned Parenthood, advertisements that ar e in federal buildings are vital to the success of Planned Parenthood.The majority of the federal buildings are set up for programs that deal with citizens in poverty. This becomes another upright reason for the use of Planned Parenthood advertising in such buildings. Planned Parenthood offers little to no cost medical care and services for those who may not have and need some type of health insurance. They also offer tools for parents to better help them communicate with their teens around sex, and other life-changing decisions. With these tools, parents can help build their own relationships with their teens.Understanding the target market will help any organization to find the right type of organizations to collaborate with as well as to discover different slipway to promote and marketing campaigns directed to their target market. Conclusion Planned Parenthood has continued to offer different birth control options to many women in need for over 95 years. They also offer a imm ense variety of services for men and not just women as well. They provide preventative care, testing, and treatments of STDs for teens and adults.Planned Parenthood has recently been in the news due to the exhalation and regain of funding and promotion of the Susan G Komen Foundation. Planned Parenthood has also been a part of the presidential campaign and debate to whether abortion should be allowed or not. Planned Parenthood strives to help people who are at or below the poverty level by offering their services at little to no cost. Planned Parenthood has also targeted the youth population with the recent GYT campaign where they teamed up with MTV to promote testing for STDs. Planned Parenthood has made a name for itself, whether it has received a right or bad name.Regardless, many people have used the services that Planned Parenthood has to offer. References Beckman, B. (2012). Girl Scouts partner with Planned Parenthood metre for a boycott?. Retrieved from http//www. illinois righttolife. org/GirlsScouts_PlannedParenthood. htm Parker, S. (2008, June). Planned Parenthood and the marketing of meaninglessness. Retrieved from http//townhall. com/columnists/starparker/2008/06/30/planned_parenthood_and_the_marketing_of_meaninglessness/ scallywag/full/ Planned Parenthood. (2009, Spring). A Test You Want to Fail 1 in 4 US Teen Girls has an STD.Retrieved from http//www. plannedparenthood. org/northeast-pennsylvania/files/Northeast-and-Mid-Penn/PP_newsletter_Spring_09. pdf Planned Parenthood. (n. d. ). Health Info Services. Retrieved from http//www. plannedparenthood. org/health-topics/ Planned Parenthood of Nassau County, Inc.. (2012). Fees Payment Options. Retrieved from http//www. plannedparenthood. org/nassau-county/fees-payment-options-5062. htm Planned Parenthood Action Fund Inc. (2012). We are Planned Parenthood. Retrieved from http//www. plannedparenthoodaction. org/about-us/about-us. htm

Hmong Culture Essay

The Hmong people is a minority ethnic concourse that resides in several countries military manwide. Hmong people is originally from Laos, a Asian country. The Hmong people ordinarily resides on the mountains and their life has revolved around their inherent lifestyle and beliefs. state of war and migration along with the long history of being an oppressed ethnic group developed Hmong way of life. However, the Hmong culture is so persistent despite the forces of channel around. The typical day of a Hmong family go away start usually at four in the morning or when the rooster crows.The oldest daughter or daughter-in-law prep atomic number 18 the breakfast for the family, feed the animals and do the household chores. The husband on occasion dish outs his wife in feeding the animals and grinding the corn. After breakfast, the working members of the family will head out to the field and grant their children at the care of their enate grandparents. Children who are six years old and older accompany their parents in the fields and do what they can do to help. The working members of the family usually go home before sunset and they gather firewood, plants and herbs along the way to conduce to their supplies at home.Hmong always have dinner together as a family and share stories of the day. A traditional Hmong family is patriarchal and the son tends to not to leave the house of his parents to work for them and to have someone to take care of his children duration he and his wife is out tending the fields. Hmong are group point and they tend to depend on each other for survival. Thus, the interest of the groups mustiness come first before the vested interest of the individual. Family is the basic social unit in the conventional Hmong society. It is the unit of production, consumption, socialization, social control and mutual assistance.The reciprocal Hmong family is composed of an extended family that is made up of many generations. Hmong people are animi sts, they acquire strong belief in pot likker and the miraculous world that cannot be explained by exact science. However, most of the Hmong people in linked States become Christians but the traditional spiritual beliefs remain in them as break dance of their cultural practices. Still, practices and ceremonies are altered as Hmong adapt on the American society. Hmong people deeply believes that the souls live in a supernatural world. These spirits decide when a person dies.Also, they believe that these spirits or souls are Hmong people waiting to be born or to be reborn and reenter the earth. Furthermore, many Hmong believe that every person has a individual(prenominal) spirit who takes care of him, just like a guardian angel. Contacts with these spirits is usually done by the shaman or the religious and aesculapian leader of the group. The shaman is the Hmong resident physician and their role is mainly to bring around sick people and to prevent further spreading of illness o r disease through interaction of the spirits. The shaman is one of the most great people in the Hmong village.He is the one who provides hope in generation of crises. The shaman also guides the people in difficult situations. In addendum to the shaman, Hmong people also practice traditional alternative medicine through the use of herbs and plants which grow in the wild in the mountains. From these plants, they produce ointments and salves to help them with their injuries and to make the sick feel better. However, Hmong people in the United States altered to the American modernized medicine. But still, Hmong people continue to visit a shaman once in a while as part of their rich and undying custom and tradition.

Christian Science Essay

Modern day America is home to many Protestant groups, close of which had their foundation largely influenced by 19th century Protestantism in the region. During the period, unresisting dynamism rocked American Protestant groups, coinciding with an epoch in which the American society readily allowed the founding of in the buff churches and religious movements. Amid growing revivalism and a great deal freedom to develop, the 19th century also saw mounting chase in millennialism and the rise of Adventism. All these resulted in new Protestant groups, rough motivated by the looming Second culmination of christ and sequence others invented new religious philosophical systems.A few broke away from existing churches while others claimed their foundation in new revelations. Among the key churches founded then include the noblemans Witnesses, the Church of savior Christ of Latter-Day Saints, Christian apprehension and the Seventh-Day Adventist. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter -Day Saints, popular as the Mormons and founded by Joseph Smith, was among the initial churches to be formed. In his boyhood, Smith experienced visions via which he was assured against joining existing churches, and told he would be active in restoring accepted Christianity.In 1823, he was guided by a heavenly courier named Moroni to a hill in spic-and-span York, where he discovered hostile writing covering two thin golden plates. His translation of the writing, assisted by Moroni, is now the withstand of Mormon and is based on Christs teachings. Mormons deem their faith akin to that founded by Jesus in North America. Although they accept the influence of the old and new testaments, their scriptural doctrine includes the Book of Mormon and two other texts, Doctrines and Covenants and the Pearl of Great monetary value both based on Smiths revelations and sermons.The discovery of the Book of Mormons allured many followers to Smiths church, whose membership is now rough eight o ne thousand million, with headquarters in Salt Lake City. Christian Science was on its part founded in 1879 by Mary Baker Eddy, originally a member of a Congregational Church. As a young woman, she suffered from queasy disorders that physicians and hypnotists could not cure. She in 1866 claimed to have been totally cured after interpreting a new-fangled Testament account of one of the miraculous healings Jesus performed. She subsequently founded the church, which she described in her book Science and Health.Its members disregard orb creeds and doctrines, with some fully devoting themselves to tutor others how to use scientific prayer to get to Gods healing love. Christian Science has over 3, 000 congregations in 50 countries, with headquarters in Boston. This church is seen as the source of New judgment, a larger American religious movement attributed to Emma Hopkins. Emma was Bakers student and a teacher, whose students later formed new versions of New Thought such as the Uni ty School of Christianity, Religion Science and presage Science and the Unity Movement.The latter has congregations in most USA cities and abroad. On the Adventist front, the Seventh-Day Adventist is the main church. It was founded by Ellen White. White was a follower of William Miller, a millennialist who founded the first Adventist denomination and wrongly proclaimed Christ would return in 1843 to control over a final judgment. Ellen experienced many visions that inspired her books. And be a gifted speaker, she drew thousands to her lectures, in which she attributed the delay of the predicted Second plan of attack to Christians failure to obey the Ten Commandments.Today, the church has nearly four million members, with half a million living in the USA. The Jehovahs Witnesses is also a millennialist group, formed in 1881 by Charles Taze Russell. At 20, Russells study of the Bible led him to a verdict that the Second Coming would occur in 1874, when Christ would invisibly return . This was to be followed by the encounter of Armageddon and end of the world in 1914. His ideas drew him hundreds of followers and membership continue to rise even after his prophesy failed to materialize.The church, with headquarters in New York, now has over two million members in 200 countries. They attend Christ to be Gods son but get rid of the doctrine of the Trinity and still believe that a great trial run is imminent. Considering that the churches discussed here are just the main ones and have followers worldwide, it is distinctly evident that 19th century American Protestantism played a nerve center role in both the origination and molding of the course, and even beliefs, of numerous modern-day churches and movements. References LD.

Literature and Social Reality Essay

In this paper I will reason and analyze the social forces of immigration and industrial enterprise that shape literature during the pointedness of 1865 to 1912. I will describe the major literary gallerys of the consequence. additionally I will explain how Realism and realism influenced the literature of the expiration, how immigration and industrialization contributed to the influences. I will illustrate using examples from more or less of the greatest authors of the period. in-migration and Industrialization The United States universe grew quickly in the late 1800s and other(a) 1900s. Baym (2008) et al. write that t present were 38. million people in 1870 and had gr cause to 92 million in 1910.This growth resulted mostly from immigration. People came from countries all everywhere the world but predominantly from European and Asian nations. in-migration was overly the major cause for urbanization in the United States according to Baym et al. (2008) with a dramatic propo rtional shift from a mostly rural population to a larger city population. Simultaneously with this mass immigration industrialization was happening creating an abundance of factory jobs and building immense wealth for some while excessively creating dramatic divides in society.Baym et al. (2008) describe the situation Long-settled exsanguine Americans faced refreshedly arrived whiteness people across divides of power, income, and privilege proletarian against owner, farm against city, immigrant against native-born, leading to suspicion and social turbulence on a scale that the nation had not seen (p. 3). The consequences were labor struggles resulting from terrible working conditions. Immigration brought an abundance of workers resulting in low wages as well as inhumane and dangerous working conditions (Baym et al. 2008, p. ).Conflict also arose from farmers being pushed rancid their land by the railroads and competition between native-born citizens and immigrants. There was a lso increased suspicion and resentment between the social classes likely found on fear of losing their part of the cake for the upper and middle classes, whereas the turn agglomerate class was resentful because of how they were treated. Major Literary Movements The major literary ordures during this period were realism and naturalism emerging after a long period of idealism and romanticism.Realism shifted literature to a way of describe bread and butter as it actually is instead of trying to present an idealized or romantic image. It was an objective style that offered detached perspectives on the everyday lives of the middle-class, wage-earning and the poor. This style worked well for describing the struggles of the period. Baym et al. (2008) describe W. D. Howells as the chief American instigate of realism (p. 6). prey Twain, Henry pack, Edith Wharton, and others also joined in this movement as well as some distinguished African American writers such as W. E.B Du Bois, Bo oker T. Washington, and Ida B. Wells-Barnett (Baym et al. , 2008).The nature of Naturalism has been debated as being the opposite of realism or as extension or intensification of realism (Baym et al. , 2008, p. 7). Naturalism usually describes more extreme settings and circumstances than realism and focuses on harsher conditions and poorer characters. Baym et al. (2008) suggest that while characters in realistic works ofttimes overcome difficulties, in naturalistic pieces the characters never stand a chance. It is a much more pessimistic literary style than realism.Crane, Dreiser, London, and Norris are set forth by Baym et al. (2008) as the leading American naturalistic writers of the period. How Realism and Naturalism Influenced Literature Realism had an immense influence on the literature during this period. Mark Twain was whizz of the major authors and his Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is an excellent example of his style, which became regarded as a leading piece for the Amer ican style (Baym et al. , 2008, p. 6). Twain used informal speech and his writing style puts the reader in the position of participant, closely as if in a dialogue with Huck.It is a very well-read and informal way of writing. Huckleberry Finn is uneducated and sees the world through the lens of his own experience as well as the social circumstances and mores of the time. In chapter 23 of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Huck ponders approximately Jim, his African American companion on his adventure He was thinking about his wife and his children, out up yonder, and he was low and homesick because he hadnt ever been away from home before in his aliveness and I do recollect he cared just as much for his people as white folks do for theirn.It dont seem natural, but I reckon it is so (Baym et al. , 2008, p. 204). This passage realistically illustrates the view of a untested boy at the time who only knows the world through the social context of his time and place, which included sl avery and a very uncomplimentary view of African Americans. Twain was very critical and pessimistic about humankind and his writing often reflected this. However with Huck Finn he appears to be attempting to show that even an uneducated young boy in the 1840s could be open-minded and open-hearted enough to see that people are equals.Henry crowd together writes about Daisy Miller, a young American woman who is a new kind of modern girl. She does not appear to care about the accomplished rules and mores of the time and is both bold and naive in her demeanor. Baym et al. (2008) write that James shows his nature as a true cosmopolitan concerned with exploring American national character as it is tested by cultural displacement reaction (p. 317). James is painting a picture of the old and established stringent rules of social class and position and how they become a hindrance in forming true connection between people.The established upper- and middle-class look down on the lower cla ss and the up-and-comers. The result is miscommunication, suspicion, and conflict. Jack London was one of the leading naturalist writers of his time. In his essay What Life Means to me he describes his own experience as a working class electric razor who toiled in a variety of jobs until finally he had enough of life-threatening labor and became a vagrant for a while (Baym et al. , 2008).He describes how he found himself at the bottom of society and how in that place life offered nothing but sordidness and wretchedness, both of the flesh and the aspect for here flesh and spirit were alike starved and tormented (Baym et al. , 2008, p. 582). He was keenly aware of the inequalities and injustice that industrialization had brought for the working class. He writes that he realizes that a laborer is finished and broken down at 45 or 50 while an intellectual, a brain seller (Baym et al. , 2008, p. 584) comes into his prime at that age or later.He decides to ducate himself to make a diff erence both for himself and for the working class dear to his heart. London eventually encountered and the Socialist movement and describes in joyful terms finding warm faith in then human, glowing idealism, sweetness of unselfishness, renunciation, and martyrdom all the splendid, stinging things of the spirit (Baym et al. , 2008, p. 584).He was a masterful naturalist writer describing in piercing detail and with a detached, scientific narrative how the man slowly succumbs to the arctic and freezes to death in his short story To Build a Fire. distinctly his own experiences in Alaska had provided him with great fodder for this kind of story. Conclusion In this paper I discussed and analyzed the social forces of immigration and industrialization that molded literature during the period of 1865 to 1912. I described the major literary movements of the period. Additionally I explained how Realism and Naturalism influenced the literature of the period and illustrated with examples fro m some of the greatest writers of that time.

John Dewey Essay

Synopsis flush toilet Dewey was innate(p) October 20, 1859, in Burlington, Vermont. He taught at universities from 1884 to 1930. An academic philosopher and prop unmatchablent of educational reform, in 1894 Dewey started an observational elementary aim. In 1919 he cofounded The crude School for affable Research. Dewey published over 1,000 pieces of writings during his lifetime. He died June 1, 1952, in New York, New York Early LifeJohn Dewey was born on October 20, 1859, to Archibald Dewey and Lucina Artemisia Rich in Burlington, Vermont. He was the third of the couples four sons, one of whom died as an infant. Deweys mother, the daughter of a wealthy farmer, was a devout Calvinist. His father, a merchant, left his grocery business to become a Union ground forces soldier in the Civil War. John Deweys father was know to share his passion for British literature with his offspring. After the war, Archibald became the proprietor of a successful tobacco shop, affording the family a c omfortable life and financial stability. inform CareerThe autumn after Dewey graduated, his cousin landed him a instruction job at a seminary in Oil City, Pennsylvania. Two historic period later, Dewey lost the position when his cousin resigned as principal of the seminary.After existence laid off, Dewey went back to Vermont and started pedagogy at a private school in Vermont. During his free time, he read philosophical treatises and discussed them with his former teacher, Torrey. As his fascination with the topic grew, Dewey decided to take a break from teaching in order to study ism and psychology at Johns Hopkins. George Sylvester Morris and G. Stanley anteroom were among the teachers there who influenced Dewey most.Upon receiving his doctorate from Johns Hopkins in 1884, Dewey was hired as an assistant prof at the University of Michigan. At Michigan he met Harriet Alice Chipman, and the two married in 1886. oer the course of their marriage, they would give birth to six chi ldren and adopt one child. PhilosophyDeweys philosophical treatises were at first inspired by his reading of philosopher and psychologist William James writing. Deweys philosophy, known as experimentalism, or instrumentalism, largely centered on human experience. Rejecting the more rigid ideas of Transcendentalism to which Dewey had been unresolved in academia, it viewed ideas as tools for experimenting, with the goal of improving the human experience.Deweys philosophy also claimed than man behaved out of habit and that change often guide to unexpected outcomes. As man struggled to understand the results of change, he was forced to envisage creatively in order to resume control of his shifting environment. For Dewey, judgment was the means through which man came to understand and connect with the world approximately him. A universal education was the key to teaching people how to cease their habits and think creatively.Education ReformJohn Dewey was a strong power for progre ssive educational reform. He believed that education should be based on the principle of learning through doing.In 1894 Dewey and his wife Harriet started their own experimental primary school, the University Elementary School, at the University of Chicago. His goal was to test his educational theories, merely Dewey resigned when the university president fired Harriet.WritingDewey wrote his first two books, Psychology (1887) and Leibnizs New Essays Concerning the Human Understanding (1888), when he was working at the University of Michigan. Over the course of his lifetime, Dewey published more than 1,000 works, including essays, articles and books. His writing covered a kind range of topics psychology, philosophy, educational theory, culture, religion and politics. Through his articles in The New Republic, he established himself as one of the most highly regarded social commentators of his day. Dewey keep to write prolifically up until his death.Later Life and DeathIn 1946, Dewey , whence 87, remarried to a widow named Roberta Grant. Following their marriage, the Deweys lived off of Robertas inheritance and Johns book royalties. On June 1, 1952, John Dewey, a lifelong service of educational reform and defender of rights for everyman, died of pneumonia at the age of 92 in the couples New York City apartment.

Ethnic Groups and Racism Essay

I. INTRODUCTIONRace and hea henceishity ar authorized concepts in the field of sociology and are ones that are studied a slap-up deal. Race plays a large role in e genuinelyday charitable interactions and sociologists want to study how, why, and what the outcomes are of these interactions. A rush along is a homosexual population that is believed to be explicit in virtually way from rising(prenominal) hu human beingsness ground on real or imagined corporeal differences. racial classifications are rooted in the idea of biological classification of humans according to morphological features much(prenominal) as skin color or facial characteristics. An individual is prevalently outwardly classified (meaning someone else makes the classification) into a racial radical rather than the individual choosing where they belong as lot of their identity.Conceptions of step on it, as well as specific racial sortingings, are much controversial due to their impact on favorable identity and how those identities deflect someones assign in friendly hierarchies. Ethnicity, while related to look sharp, nurtures non to physical characteristics except social traits that are shared by a human population. Some of the social traits ofttimes used for heathen classification take on home(a)itytribereligious faithshared wordingshared goalshared traditionsUnlike race, heathenity is not usually externally assigned by different individuals. The term culturalality focuses to a greater extent upon a free radicalings connection to a sensed shared past and culture.II. limit/ CREATIVE REPORTDEFINITION OF RACE AND ETHNICITYRace is a socially defined category, based on real or perceived biological differences mingled with concourses of lot. Ethnicity is a socially defined category based on everyday language, religion, nationality, history or another heathenish factor. Sociologists see race and ethnicality as social constructions because they are not roo ted in biological differences, they change over time, and they never guide firm boundaries.Example colourThe distinction in the midst of race and ethnicity can be displayed or hidden, depending on individual preferences, while racial identities are perpetually on display.THE sociological MEANING OF ETHNIC GROUPS AND RACISMThe classification of people into races and ethnic conventions carries cloudy implication on the social and political life of diametric racial and ethnic sort outs. These classifications led to the notion of racial premiumity and racial mildlyity, paganly advanced groups and culturally disadvantaged, the use of derogatory undertones and parody, apartheid policy, difference and wrong, and stereotyping of groups of people. Ethnic conflicts bemuse been regular do within the same territorial reserve borders and among the nations of the world. Ethnic conflicts live with been pervasive and dangerous because they cause massive humanitarian engendering, c ivil wars, and destabilizing effects.Sociologically, race refers to a group of people whom others believe are contagiousally distinct and whom they treat accordingly. This term is super Cly used to refer to physical differences between people brought about by physical characteristics of genetic origin. This commonalityness of genetic heritage whitethorn be manifested in the var. of the head and face, the shape and color of the eyes, the shape of the nose, lips, and ears, the texture and color of the hair, the skin color, height, blood case and other physical characteristics. Among the significant racial categories studied by primal social scientists were the Caucasoid, Mongoloid, Negroid, and the subgroups of primary and derived races. Racial differences are seen as physical differences singled out by the confederation or ordination as ethnically significant.It is preferred to refer to ethnicity or ethnic groups rather than race for its historical and biological connotations . An ethnic group represents a number of persons who extradite a common cultural background as evidenced by a persuasion of loyalty to a given geographical territory or leader, a feeling of identification with and unity among historical and other group experiences, or a high degree of similarity in social norms, ideas and existent objects. Members of ethnic groups see themselves as culturally different from other groups in the society and are viewed by others to be so. SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF MEMBERSHIP IN RACIAL AND ETHNIC GROUPS Membership in racial and ethnic groups influences peoples social status and roles as they interact with others. Physical characteristics, oddly skin color and veritable distinctive cultural traits, complexes, and patterns, give-up the ghost badges for social and economic status.Frequently, they establish a persons or groups position in the social stratification system and make up the al-Qaida for impairment, discrimination, and other forms of diffe rential treatment. Furthermore, when an ethnic group fathers a target of discrimination, such group whitethorn utilize the strange physical or cultural traits as the rallying force for promoting common loyalties and enhancing collective action. When peoples definition of physical characteristics greatly affects their analogyship, such definitions generally become interlinked with cultural differences. A classic example is the white mans excuse of his technological, economic, political and military superiority. Examples are such ideologies as the God-chosen race, the white mans burden and more recently, the apartheid policy.Since the early days of the united States, native-born Americans, African-Americans and European-Americans were classified as belonging to different races. But the criteria for social status in these races were radically different. For Africans, the government canvassed anyone with African appearance to be purely African. inbred Americans, on the other k ick the bucket, were classified based on a certain percentage of Indian blood. Finally, European-Americans had to have purely white ancestry. The differing criteria for assigning membership to particular races had relatively little to do with biology it had far more to do with maintaining a groups defined roles and position.Racial and ethnic membership leads to a sniff out of people-hood. By this, we mean a sense of identification with a relatively small segment of the worlds population- those who by virtue of common ancestry or heritage we con human facer our own kind.Erich Fromm wrote in 1941The identity with nature, clan, religion, gives the individual security. He belongs to, he is rooted in, morphologicalized whole in which he has an unquestionable place. He may suffer from hunger or suppression, scarcely he does not suffer from worst of all pains- complete aloneness and doubt.PATTERNS OF ETHNIC GROUP dealingPeople who occupy a surmount status are usually called a minori ty group. What determines a minority group is not the unique racial or ethnics traits nor their great number but the relationship of different groups in the society of which they are a part. A minority group, then is one that, because of the power of differences among the groups, is singled out for unequal treatment in the society. A minority refers to a group which, because of physical and cultural characteristics, occupies a subordinate position in the society and subjected to collective discrimination, in some cases, sluice segregation, oppression, slavery, peonage, military subjugation, religious persecution, and economic, political, educational, and social suppression. The patterns of ethnic group relations embarrass the side by side(p)1. Patterns of Racisma. Prejudice and discriminationRacism is behavior that is do by the belief that ones own group is superior to other groups that are set apart on the tush of physical characteristics Structural racism refers to inequalit ies built into an organization or system. An example of morphological racism can be seen in recent research on workplace discrimination.37 on that point is widespread discrimination against job applicants whose names were still perceived as sounding black.These applicants were 50% less likely than candidates perceived as having white-sounding names to receive callbacks for interviews, no matter their level of earlier experience. Prejudice prejudged negative attitude or opinion about a group without twoering toverify the merits of the opinion or judgment The relationship between prejudice and discrimination is complex. Robert Mertons study and typology of the relationship between prejudice and discriminationFour patterns1. Unprejudiced nondiscriminatory integration2. Unprejudiced and discriminatory institutional discrimination3. Prejudiced and nondiscriminatory latent bigotry4. Prejudiced and discriminatory instantly bigotryIn his study, (1974), Bulatao listed impressions on some ethnic groups by respondents from pentad Philippine cities Ilocanos and Chinese were viewed as most industrious, serious, thrifty Tagalogs, progressive Bicolanos and Cebuanos, humble, friendly, warm, and dovish Warays, lazy but strong and Ilongos, proud and extravagant.b. Discrimination refers to the act of incapacitating or mistreating people on the basis of their group membership or on ascriptive rounds rationally irrelevant to the situation. Whereas prejudice is a state of mind, discrimination is actual behavior. Prejudice and discrimination work hand in hand to create and sustain racial and ethnic stratification, (Jarry J. 1987)THEORIES OF PREJUDICELight gives the following explanations on the origin of prejudice 1. frugal Theory- assumes that racial prejudice is a social attitude transmitted by the dominant ethnic volume class for the purpose of stigmatizing some group s as inferior so that the exploitation of the group resources will be justified. 2. Symbolic Theo ry- asserts that prejudice arises because a racial or ethnic group is a figure of what people hate, fear, or envy. 3. Scapegoat theory- maintains that human beings are reluctant to occupy their mistakes for their troubles and failures so they look for an ethnic-minority to shoulder the blame. 4. Social norm theory- asserts that ethnocentrism is a innate development of group living. Hatred and suspicion for the out-group are the standard and normal way of doing things, particularly in dealing with people.c. Stereotypes are often alter and unsupported generalizations about others and are used indiscriminately for all cases. A few examples are Ilokano, bantay kuako (heavy smokers) and kuripot (stingy) Pampangueno, dugong aso (dog blood or traitors) Batangueno, balisong (knife-wielding) Bicolanos, sili ( pepper or hot people). 2. Patterns of Competition, Conflict and DominationWhen ethnocentric attitudes are coupled with intergroup argument for territory and scarce resources, an ex plosive social situation may arise. When dickens groups both strive for the same things- and they perceive their respective claims to be reciprocally exclusively and legitimate- the stage is set for conflict. In modern societies, the state has become the vehicle that enables one group to dominate and keep the other group subordinate. In sum, competition supplies the motivation for systems of stratification, and ethnocentrism directs competition along racial and ethnic lines, but power determines which group will subjugate the other (Noel, 1972 Barth and Noel, 1975).3. Economic and Political SubjugationThe economic takeover of one nation by a more sizable one and the subsequent political and social domination of the native population is called colonialism. If the takeover of one nation is till the military superiority of the more powerful one for the purpose of territorial expansion and establishing colonies, it is termed as military colonialism. On the other hand, if the economi c takeover is made through the great technological superiority of the more powerful one, the institutionalization of their businesses in their former colonies, the control and domination of most of a habituations natural resources, the imposition of trade policies and economic treaties favorable to their side the establishment of outlets for their surplus capital the need for more cheap labor, dim materials, and markets to fuel their growing economy, the process is termed neo-colonialism or economic imperialism.4. Displacement and segregation of the Native PopulationEconomic and political subjugation of a minority population by a more powerful group is not the only pattern of conquest that occurs whendifferent racial and ethnic group meet.Displacement of native population can be made assertable through the influx of powerful settlers or invaders with their vastly superior weapons. It is typically lay down in areas rich in natural resources and similar in geography and climate t o the homeland of the invading group. Displacement takes the following forms a.) by attrition, that is, numbers of the weaker group may die of starvation or affection either deliberately or not b.) by population sell and c.) by genocide- deliberate and ruthless extermination of the weaker group.separatism involves the enactment of laws and/or customs that restrict or prohibit contact between groups. Segregation may be ethnic or racial or based on sex or age.5. Patterns of Accommodation and ToleranceInterracial and interethnic alteration can be carried out through miscegenation or amalgamation- the inmarriage of members of the volume and minority groups. This can result in the blending of their sundry(a) customs and values and the creation of a new cultural hybrid. This involves a cultural and biological blending in which the customs and values of both groups are to some extent preserved and their biological characteristics appear in the offspring.6. Patterns of Acculturation a nd AssimilationAcculturation and assimilation are two very important concepts in sociology and anthropology that describe cross cultural effects on both minorities as well as studyities in societies that are multi ethnic and multi cultural in nature. Assimilation is a broader concept as describe by sociologist Jean Piaget and refers to the manner in which people take new information. There are many people who think of the two concepts as same and even use them interchangeably. If you belong to a minority fraternity in a country and retain your own culture but cannot remain isolated and are affected by the majority culture in such a way that you adapt to some aspects of the majority culture, the process is referred to as acculturation.Assimilation is a process whereby people of a culture learn to adapt to the ways of the majority culture. There is a loss of ones own culture as aperson gives more value to the cultural aspects of the majority community in the process of assimilation. What is the difference between Acculturation and Assimilation? Meeting of cultures always produces results in terms of changes in both the cultures, and acculturation and assimilation refer to two important and different changes in these cultures. Assimilation refers to the process where some of the majority communitys cultural aspects are absorbed in such a manner that the home cultural aspects get palliate or lost. Acculturation is a process where the cultural aspects of the majority community are adapted without losing the traditions and customs of the minority community. Minority culture changes in the case of assimilation whereas it remains intact in the case of acculturation.7. Patterns of cultural Pluralism or Ethnic DiversityCultural pluralism refers to the coexistence of different racial or ethnic groups from each one of which retains its own cultural identity and social structural networks, while participating equally in the economic and political systems. (Light, 198 5) In pluralistic society, each group retains its own language, religion and customs, and its members tend to interact socially primarily among themselves. Yet all jointly participate in the economic and political systems and live in harmony and peaceful coexistence. A prime example of such an arrangement can be found in Switzerland. There, people of German, French, and Italian heritage preserve their distinct cultural ways while coexisting peacefully and equally. No one group enjoys special privileges or is discriminated against.ETHNIC GROUPS IN THE PHILIPPINESEthnic groups in the Philippines are classified according to certain physical, cultural, linguistic, religious and geographic criteria.A. accord to distinctive physical traits1. The Negritoes who are regarded as the aborigines of the Philippines.2. The Indonesian- Malayan stock which is predominant among the Filipinos.3. The Chinese who make up the largest national group.4. The Americans and the Spaniards, and a few other Eu ropeans who came ascolonizers.B. According to cultural standpoints1. Cultural minorities or cultural communities2. Muslims3. Christian groupsC. According to linguistic groupingsPANAMIN reports that there are about 87 ethno linguistic groups in the Philippines-e.g., Tagalog, Ilokano, Waray, Hiligaynon, Kapampangan, Ilonggo, etc. D. According to religion1. Roman Catholics2. Muslims3. Aglipayans4. Protestants5. Iglesia ni Cristo6. Buddhists7. Jehovahs witnesses8. Other religious sects.E. Muslims of Southern PhilippinesThe Muslims make up the largest single non-Christian group. They have nine ethno-linguistic groups, namely1. Taosug2. Maranao3. Maguindanao4. Samal5. Yakan6. Sanggil7. Badjao8. Molbog9. Jama MapunFrom the Spanish regime to the present, Muslim and Christian intergrouprelationships have been characterized by animosity and suspicion. This has been expressed in the Muslims ongoing resentment of Christian settlers and attempts at secession to form an independent Mindanao. Musl im revolutionary groups the Moro theme Liberation Front (MNLF) and the Bangsai Moro Liberation Front (BMLF) want Mindanao, Sulu, and Palawan to secede from the Philippines.THE heathen COMMUNITIES AND THE CHRISTIAN FILIPINOSThe non-Christian Filipinos now known as cultural communities make up 10% of the total national population. They have maintained their culture in their clothes, art, religion, ethnic dialect, customs, traditions and other superficial differences. There are 77 major ethno-linguistic groups in the Philippines.III. GROUP REFLECTIONWithin sociology, the terms race, ethnicity, minority, and dominant group all have very specific and different meanings. To understand the sociological perspective on race and ethnicity, it is important to understand the meanings of these concepts. An ethnic group is a social category of people who share a common culture, such as a common language, a common religion, or common norms, customs, practices, and history. Ethnic groups have a co nsciousness of their common cultural bond. An ethnic group does not exist simply because of the common national or cultural origins of the group, however. They develop because of their unique historical and social experiences, which become the basis for the groups ethnic identity. For example, prior to immigration to the United States, Italians did not think of themselves as a distinct group with common interests and experiences. However, the process of immigration and the experiences they faced as a group in the United States, including discrimination, created a new identity for the group.Some examples of ethnic groups include Italian Americans, Polish Americans, Mexican Americans, Arab Americans, and Irish Americans. Ethnic groups are similarly found in other societies, such as the Pashtuns in Afghanistan or the Shiites in Iraq, whose ethnicity is base on religious differences. Like ethnicity, race is primarily, though not exclusively, a socially constructed category. A race is a group that is treated as distinct in society based on certain characteristics. Because of their biological or cultural characteristics, which are labeled as inferior by powerful groups in society, a race is often singled out for differential and unfair treatment. It is not the biological characteristics that define racial groups, but how groups have been treated historically and socially. Society assigns people to racial categories (White, Black, etc.) not because of science or fact, but because of opinion and social experience.In otherwords, how racial groups are defined is a social process it is socially constructed. A minority group is any distinct group in society that shares common group characteristics and is forced to occupy low status in society because of prejudice and discrimination. A group may be classified as a minority on the basis of ethnicity, race, sexual preference, age, or class status. It is important to note that a minority group is not necessarily the minority in terms of numbers, but it is a group that holds low status in relation to other groups in society (regardless of the size). The group that assigns a racial or ethnic group to subordinate status in society is called the dominant group. There are several sociological theories about why prejudice, discrimination, and racism exist. flow rate sociological theories focus mainly on explaining the existence of racism, particular institutional racism.The three major sociological perspectives (functionalist theory, symbolic interaction theory, and conflict theory) each have their own explanations to the existence of racism. Functionalist theorists argue that in order for race and ethnic relations to be functional and contribute to the harmonious manoeuvre and stability of society, racial and ethnic minorities must assimilate into that society. Assimilation is a process in which a minority becomes absorbed into the dominant society socially, economically, and culturally. Symbolic interac tion theorists look at two issues in relation to race and ethnicity.First, they look at the role of social interaction and how it reduces racial and ethnic hostility. Second, they look at how race and ethnicity are socially constructed. In essence, symbolic interactionists ask the question, What happens when two people of different race or ethnicity come in contact with one another and how can such interracial or interethnic contact reduce hostility and conflict? The canonical argument made by conflict theorists is that class-based conflict is an inherent and constitutional part of society. These theorists thus argue that racial and ethnic conflict is laced to class conflict and that in order to reduce racial and ethnic conflict, class conflict must first be reduced.

Describe a Few of the Interesting Characters in Your Class Essay

My crys largeise is full of wonderful characters that make entirely of us cheerful to study. thither be twenty- twain students in my family and only seven of them are boys. Our form teacher is Encik Azmi bin Nusi. We come a wonderful manage who does e precise job given to her responsibly. She is genus Uma Devi a/p Nagiah and she never complains about doing jobs without an assistant. Most of the students are Malays. There are only four Indian misss and four Chinese students. Our separate is one of the noisiest class because of the enkindle characters we have.Uma Devi is chosen to be our monitor mainly because of her gutsiness to confront about of the rebellious students who are unremarkably Azizi and Amin in our class. Were the students agreed? They definitely were. Hardly any objection was utter to choose Uma as the monitor. With 170 centimetres tall and a brazen voice that faecal matter crack any dreams, she is the perfect choice. Although this Indian girl is genuinel y strict, she also has a good sense of humour. That is why some(prenominal) of us cannot despise her for a long time.Moreover, she is very pretty with two long braided black hair and a smile, which is not very often she does. She seldom smile but when she does, it is just same a sun shining after down pouring rain. We will ever so feel very glad and relieved to see her smile. Her seriousness in doing her job is commendable and she is helpful too, to get a new datemark for our homeworks from the teacher. Due to that, we always admire and respect her. Describing the interesting characters in my class, I find it difficult to leave Rosmaliza behind.She is a very peculiar and interesting girl in our class. She is only 155 centimetres tall but she was sylphlike with beautiful features. The sleepyhead in our class? She definitely is the one and only. We could not snatch laughing when thinking about her embarrassing situations in our class. There was a time when Mr. Ling, our Addition al Mathematics teacher was teaching in our class and dear Rosmaliza was sleeping. Mr. Ling noticed she was asleep and called out her name to viewing her up and she did wake up.Waking up and mumbling incoherently, she suddenly stood up and towards the blackboard, thinking that Mr. Ling wanted her to complete some questions on the board. later on some awkward silence, she returned to her seat looking red all over. all told the classmates burst out laughing at her act. But she remained impassive, although her red saying revealed what she felt. Another thing that we find funny is the way she laughed. It was loud and sounded like a cackle. That is so unforgettable and can be said as her trademark. The other character in my class that I set in motion interesting is Fozie.He is quite a humorist with the loyal companion, Jafar. Fozie is very funny and he could cause a hullaballoo with his spontaneous jokes. He is 162 centimetres tall and has a cute, mischievous face. However, he does n ot get into a down of trouble with his mischief. He is quite adorable because of his helpfulness and politeness. He is surely the best guy in our class. Another thing that we found surprise about him is the way he mesmerized schools juniors. many another(prenominal) students, especially girls from lower form adore and admire him.The reason? maybe it simply because of his friendliness and some cute bangs over his forehead. However, he is a reliable guy that we could depend on to please some teachers whenever some of them are angry. All that I can conclude from these interesting characters is that they are wonderful to be with. Although some of them are weird, but the difference can only add up the speciality. Plus, they definitely bring colours of bliss and mischief in our world as a student. Life in school would simply be so boring without them.

Physiology Presentation on Bone Growth, Muscular Movement, and Nerve Transmission

parachute 1 Physiology Presentation On B single Growth Muscular front overthrow Nerve Transmission sea-coast 2 Physiology of Bone Growth sense Bone Growth ?Ossification is a process of gristle piecemeal changing into rise tissue. Fetuss swots ar do of cartilage. During childhood, the cartilage is replaced by bony tissue. New bone is formed a massive the epiphysical growth plates. The epiphysical growth plates ar found at the end of long bones as the body grows t wholeer. ?Osteocytes are bone cells. There are two types of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Osteoclasts break blast areas of old or damaged bone. 10% of entire skeleton is broken down and rebuilt individually year (Turley, 2007). broadly occurring in areas that are damaged or subjected to mechanical stress. Osteoblasts are deposits of newly tissue in those areas forming, and rebuilding bones. Begins as immature cells, but subsequently becomes a mature cell that produces bone, cartilage, or collagen fibers. ?Throu gh all stages of life, makeup of new bone is dependent on having enough calcium and phosphoric in the diet. Calcium in the body is stored in the bone end-to-end the body. Calcium is an extremely important mineral for proper functioning of adenoidal brawns and heart, keeping them twitching regularly and forcefully. After the osteoclasts process, calcium is continuously released to the respite of the body. coast 2 Speaker Notes ossification is the process of converting the cartilage in embryonic skeletons into bone. Cartilage is deposited early in development into exercises resembling the bones-to-be. Cells inside this cartilage grow and begin depositing minerals.The spongy bone forms, and osteoblasts attach and lay down the mineral portions of spongy bone. Osteoclasts remove material from the center of the bone, forming the central stone pit of the long bones. The perichondrium, a connective tissue, forms around the cartilage and begins forming compact bone while the above c hanges are occurring. Blood vessels form and grow into the perichondrium, transporting stubble cells into the interior. Two bands of cartilage remain as the bone develops, one at each end of the bone. During childhood, this cartilage allows for growth and changes in the shape of bones. at long last the elongation of the bones stops and the cartilage is all converted into bone. spring up bone is a hard substance that is also a active tissue that undergoes change. slip ones mind 3 IMAGE http//www. growtaller. net/ http//www. healthyfellow. com/images/2009/bone-growth. jpg Slide 4 Physiology of Muscular Movement ?Fascicle is a bundle of individual muscle fibers. These muscle fibers run parallel to each other, so when they incur they cast in the same direction (Turley, 2007). Each muscle is composed of some(prenominal) muscle fascicles. Fascicles are composed of some(prenominal) muscle fibers surrounded by splashboard. The muscle is wrapped in fascia and connects to the tendon. Fascia is a slenderize tissue sheet that connects each muscle or group of muscles. The fascia merges into and becomes part of the tendon. ?Multinucleated is a muscle fiber having hundreds of nuclei scattered along the space of the muscle (Turley, 2007). The nuclei help speed up the chemical process that must(prenominal) occur along the length of the muscle fiber before it cornerstone contract and move (Turley, 2007). Each muscle fiber is composed of myofibrils. myofibril is composed of thin strands of protein actin and three-ply strands of protein myosin. Myofibril gives the skeletal muscle its feature striated (striped) appearance (Turley, 2007). Actin and myosin is the source of a muscle contraction at a microscopic level (Turley, 2007). Speaker notes A muscle is composed of many part. The body of the muscle is composed of muscle fascicles. Around each of the fascicles are arteries, veins, and centres. Each fascicle contains bundles of muscle fibers (muscle cells) that c ontain thin strands of actin and thick strands of myosin.Slide 5 ? Continue. from slide 4 ?Neuromuscular junction is where each muscle fiber is connected to a single heart and soul cell. Muscles contract in response to an electrical impulse from a nerve (Turley, 2007). The nerve cell releases neuro vector acetylcholine (Turley, 2007). Acetylcholine is a chemical messenger that is moved across to the neuromuscular junction. Acts as a key to unlock receptors on the muscle fiber. changing the absorption of the tissue layer allows calcium ions to flow into the muscle fiber. Contractions are produced by calcium ions calcium ions cause the thin actin to slide between the thick myosin, shortening the muscle and producing a muscle contraction (Turley, 2007). The muscle lastly relaxes when Acetylcholine is inactivated by an enzyme at the neuromuscular junction. Calcium ions are pumped come forward of the cell. Speaker notes Even when not actively moving, your muscles are in partial contr action. This is from the nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord. The nerve impulses produces muscle tone that keeps the muscles degenerate and ready to act.This is the only aspect of the skeletal muscle activity that is not under conscious control. Slide 6 IMAGE http//www. bio. miami. edu/cmallery/150/neuro/sf43x15a. jpg http//faculty. etsu. edu/forsman/Histology%20of%20musclefor%20web_files/image013. jpg Slide 7 Physiology of Nerve Transmission ?Each neuron consists of three parts the dendrites, a cell body, and an axone (Turley, 2007). The dendrites are multiple branches at the stem of a neuron that ask over a neurotransmitter from previous neuron. Converting it to an electrical impulse, and direct to the cell body. Nucleus is the cell body that directs cellular activities, providing energy for the cell. cytol around the nucleus contains constructions that produce neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters then are transported to the end of the axon (Turley, 2007). ?Axon i s a single elongated branch at the end of the neuron. The axon is covered by a fatty, white insulating layer of bulb (Turley, 2007). The axon does not directly connect to the dendrites of the next neuron (Turley, 2007). ?medulla oblongata keeps the electrical impulses on tract throughout its travel. Myelin is only certify on the axon of the neuron (Turley, 2007). Synapse are spaces between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of the neuron Electrical impulses cannot across the synapse. Instead the axon releases a chemical messenger or neurotransmitter (Turley, 2007). ?Neurotransmitters cross the synapse and binds to receptors on the dendrites of the next neuron. These processes all happen within a fraction of a second (Turley, 2007). Slide 7 speaker notes A neuron consists of several dendrites, cell body, and an axon. The dendrites receive nerve impulses from other neurons. The cell body contains the nucleus of the neuron.The axon transmits nerve impulses to other neurons, whe ther its a muscle fiber, to a cell in an organ, or to a cell in a gland. Slide 8 http//www. clarian. org/ADAM/doc/graphics/images/en/9682. jpg http//www. cidpusa. org/synapse6. jpg Bones provide the structure for muscles to attach so that our bodies are able to move. Tendons are tough inelastic bands that hold attach muscle to bone. The nervous system communicates with muscle via neuromuscular (also called myoneural) junctions. These junctions (Figure 1) work very much like a synapse between neurons.In other words the impulse arrives at the end bulb, chemical transmitter is released from vesicles (each of which contains 5,000 10,000 molecules of acetylcholine) and diffuses across the neuromuscular cleft, the transmitter molecules fill receptor sites in the membrane of the muscle & increase membrane permeability to sodium, sodium then diffuses in & the membrane capability becomes less negative, and, if the threshold potential is reached, an action potential occurs, an impulse trave ls along the muscle cell membrane, and the muscle contracts.Some muscles (skeletal muscles) go away not contract unless stimulated by neurons other muscles (smooth & cardiac) will contract without nervous stimulation but their contraction can be influenced by the nervous system. Thus, the nervous and muscle systems are closely interconnected. Lets now snap on muscle what is its structure & how does it work.Muscular movement is necessary, given as we are humans, and without muscular movement we would not have any specialty of any kind. Without muscles, our bones would not be able to move and without bone growth, we would not have any type of size or shapewe would be formless and shapeless individuals. Without nerve transmission, our bones and our muscles would not fill in what to do and when to do it. In conclusion, all these processes are interrelated.

Emerson and Individualism

Why do some humans succumb to peer pressure and so desperately regard to be a part of the popular crowd? Clearly, those who carry such(prenominal) behavior to their daily lives lose their sense of self- being and mold to the ideas, behaviors, and opinions of the masses. Although some passel still conform, a large movement towards the Individual has begun to make an appearance.The triple-crown beings of our society appear to think for themselves as well as accede in their own beliefs. This tribute of our new-fangled society to twenty-four hour period reflects the school of thought of Emerson individualism. We decide our own fate based on our individual actions and decisions. By not conforming to the Ideas of other(a)s. Each person throw out r sever onlyy their fullest say-so happiness and contribute to society at a in high spiritser level. At one point in my high school career, I did anything and everything to arrest In with the popular girls of my class.Every day, I wor ried that they would not like my agree or that I would say something stupid. I constantly felt as If I were walking in a room full of down(p) glass, trying to avoid sharp shards with every step I took. It was not until this year that I realized what a folly I had participated in these last two years when a group of girls at my eat table said nasty things about one of their friends when she left the table. At this point on, I decided I would find new friends.I didnt use up friends In any particular formed group, only those who I enjoyed disbursement time around. This action granted me the power to be an individual. I fright no judgment of my beliefs nor my opinions and when I participate In any event, gossip, or beliefs, they are on my own accord, not to impress anyone, but to attain my peppiness of which I can only fulfill by being myself, an Individual. Another place to be an individual today is In ones college applications. Upon see Princeton and several other schools of h ighly sought after education.I came home with the cognition that the admission offices at these schools want to see a personality of each Individual and see this personality reflected in ones activity choices throughout ones high school career. When applying too highly ranked school, it is necessary in todays day and age to incorporate individualism Into ones fife so one can dissent out in their applications and have success in admittance so one can pursue the lifestyle of ones beliefs and hopes and use the education genuine to contribute what one Is capable of to society.Lastly, the interests and choice of daily actions of ones life creates an individual. In centuries past, one who found Interest and had knowledge on topics unknown to all were shunned. Today, people seek out uncommon hobbies and interests to look at a to a greater extent Interesting life than their friends, their coworkers, or next-door neighbors. Some choose to skydive date others dive into a world of romantic historic foreign films. I myself find a great Interest In the cultural histories of other nations as well as 1 OFF a have a go at it tort unusual toots such as sushi , liver pate, and escargot.Each person who can call ones self an individual today has interests and participates in activities that define who he or she is. Emerson philosophy that focused upon the individual is present in our modern world. Many people have come to adopt this philosophy and apply it to their lifestyles. No longer does the common opinion influence and affect a majority of the masses. Will the increase in the use of technology lead to the loss of individualism in the future years to come?

Clothing Store Businnes

- Outline garb Store argumentation Topic C dish outhing Store Thesis Statement Designing a robes install business could be a entire opportunity for both consumer and protester. organic structure 1. Consumer a. Humans radical call for b. Humans expressive style aims c. Existence 2. Owner d. Enjoyable job e. Trendsetter f. High acquire Introduction tribe need textile. Cloth is used to meet clements basic needs. It is also arouse indicate throngs personality, because both stack is free to decide what they postulate to be like.However, or so people personally judge separates based on what they wore. In other word, cloth is one of the things that determine peoples social billet. This phenomenon is a mammoth business opportunity. When people need cloth then in that location must(prenominal) be others who can satisfy that need. Clothing strain is the complete issue for businessman to meet peoples need of cloth. In plus to engender an enjoyable job, businessman can also buzz off extravagantly profits. So, designing a robes store business could be a good opportunity for both consumer and owner. ConclusionTo sum up, designing vestments store is, indeed, a good opportunity for both consumer and owner. For the consumer, wearable store is a brand where they can meet one of their basic and dash needs. It also can specify peoples social status and their existence. For the owner, designing raiment store is an enjoyable job that could make them fail a trendsetter and get lofty profit. Essay Clothing Store Business tribe need clothes. Cloth is used to meet humans basic needs. It is also can indicate peoples personality, because all(prenominal) people is free to decide what they want to be like.However, most people personally judge others based on what they wore. In other word, cloth is one of the things that determine peoples social status. This phenomenon is a big business opportunity. When people need cloth then there must be others who can satisfy that need. Clothing store is the perfect solution for businessman to meet peoples need of cloth. In addition to get an enjoyable job, businessman can also get superior profits. So, designing a garb store business could be a good opportunity for both consumer and owner. masses have a lot of needs that must be fulfilled. But only some of them can non be deferred. Peoples need that must be met is called humans basic needs. Manfred Max-Neef, Chilean economist-environmentalist and mainly known for his human development model, call it key Human Needs. He classifies the fundamental human needs as subsistence, treasureion, affection, understanding, participation, leisure, creation, identity, and freedom. In the first row of fundamental human needs listed the subsistence.It kernel the move of subsistence needs are the most significant needs. One of the parts of subsistence needs is a cloth. Clothing needs exist from the need to protect the body from climate and weath er conditions. However, now clothes are not only considered as a humans basic need, precisely also as an identity and socials status. Clothes are a vogue. People love invent and be dashing. Fashion makes an important contribution to society. It creates jobs and products that satisfy fundamental human needs. A invent office cannot in itself create sustainability.This is created by the instruction in which people design, make, wear, remove and reincarnate it. People need to design in a mode that means that they engage in way in a way that is sustainable. Center for Sustainable Fashion from London Collage of Fashion suggest that people re-connect with fashion as a tool for human booming and a source of creative employment and productive depart by turn tailing in two areas. First, critically appraise the role of fashion in our culture, mean people have a deep need for adornment, discovery and novelty. Fashion can help them meet these needs.By recognizing and engaging with f ashions central role in human culture, they build towards to a greater extent sustainable solutions that meet needs. Second, put human welfare at the fondness of fashion production and consumption, mean changing fashion practices to improve well-being of workers, consumers, designers, and producers is central to a more sustainable future. Nowadays, every people wants to be acknowledged about his or her existence. People show their best to get more caution than others. If people aregetting a lotof attentionfrom othersit will beeasy for themto gain recognition oftheir existence.Every people has different ways to get it. One of the easier ways to get attention from others is to wear different style of clothes. More attention-getting or fashionable peoples style of clothes, the easier they become the center of attention. To get eye-catching or fashionable clothes, people have to go to a place that provides various types and models, so they can choose the type of clothes that font th em. As described in the first paragraph, peoples turn needs is big business opportunity. Businessman can design clothing store, as a place to satisfy peoples clothing needs.People can channel their hobby and passion in designing clothes. As Confucius said, Choose a job you love, and you will never have to work a day in your life. Steven Jobs also once said, People with passion can change the world for the better. Asked about the advice he would affirm would-be entrepreneurs, he said, Id get a job as a busboy or something until I figured out what I was really passionate about. Thats how much it meant to him. Passion is everything. All of the businessmen do nothave tocomeon timein the morningtoworkandsitfor hours in front of thecomputer.They make they own rules. It also happens to clothing stores businessman. Fortunately, there are norulesinfashion. People are free to design and determine various types of clothes that they want to sell. Some statements above already approved that designing a clothing store is really an enjoyable job. Each clothing store has their own characteristic. It can be seen from the type of clothes that its sell. People who design clothing store will be the first people who know and expose the different new styles to public based on their characteristic.Therefore, they can be trendsetter. They must know a fashionthat will be touristyoreven createanew fashion mainstreamsociety. The fashion lovers, sometimes called fashionita, willalways followthe latest trendscreated bythe trendsetters. It isapride forthe owner of clothing store as peoplewhohas createdthese trends. besidesgettingthe pride,theowner ofclothingstoresare alsogettinghigh profitsfrom theclothingstorebusiness. It is because the fashionalways changeevery timeand thefashionistawillalwaysfollow thenewesttrend.So,the procurement ofnewfashion itemsare verypromisingbecause itwill most likely besold. Therefore, theclothingstorewillalways get thebenefit goesalong with thechange off ashion. To sum up, designing clothing store is, indeed, a good opportunity for both consumer and owner. For the consumer, clothing store is a place where they can meet one of their basic and fashion needs. It also can show peoples social status and their existence. For the owner, designing clothing store is an enjoyable job that could make them become a trendsetter and get high profit.

Slavery And Plantation In Trinidad And Tobago History Essay

Bondage and Plantations have ever been linked, driven by economic aims ( Williams 1994 ) , from the earliest period of kalecane cultivation in the Caribbean. disdown(prenominal) the complexness of the hithertots and fortunes that created this traffichip, starting line growing and striverry both were dining during the comparatively peaceable early sometime(a) ages of the 18th century. The European entreat for sugar had been increasing, and England s sugar demands led the battalion. The British islands similar T & A T were a mono- stripe come to the fore society, with few colonists turn of events anything but sugar caneThe occupancy of thrallThe Triangular Trade is a term norm comp permitelyy used in treatments of the hard worker trade. Slaves would be brought from Africa to the woodlets, which would direct sugar and opposite local goods to Europe, who would in turn send goods to Africa. The goods normally sent to Africa were guns and other manufacture orientates be cause in that location was no industry in Africa. In the West Indian islands analogous T & A T, nevertheless, the merchandising of buckle downs was an of subsequentlymath portion of the economic transcription. The demand for to a greater extent slaves was ever greater than the market could give, and the West Indian companies were undetermined up in the 1700s to turn upside trade to assist supply grumpy(a) slaves to settlements that produced sugar. The Gallic encouraged this trade on their islands by relieving slaves from most import and export revenue enhancements.Life on PlantationsWorking Conditionss Slave Labour in Plantationsathe toughest season, a season of labor from dawn to twilight, advertise mortise joints and calves twate by cowitch, knotted musculuss slashed by cane foliages that cut like consecutive razors, dor brotherhoods split unfastened by the beat upa The woodlet land consisted of cane- orbital cavity of operations, supply evidences, forest and gr azing land. Each woodlet owner preferred to tick more than 200 estates of cane land. Provision evidences were used by the slaves to sour root harvests, plant ains and veggies for nutrient. The forest provided timber and resurrec devilod and the grazing land was used for croping cowss ( tutor 1965 ) . The cane Fieldss had either freshly planted canes or ratoons. The ratoons were new shoots turning from old cane roots which were left in the land after a old harvest of cane was harvested. Normally a ratoon field was less productive. A typical sugar estate had factory edifices such as the factory, boiling house and hardening house. Around these mill edifices in that respect were other smaller edifices and sheds in which, fatefulsmiths, wheelers, carpenters, Masons, Coopers and other artisan slaves pull ined. There would at any rate be a light infirmary for ill slaves, and a little gaol which kept slaves who were being punished. There were storage suites for tools and supp lies and sheds which sheltered kick upstairs animal or stored cane rubbish or bagasse which was used as fuel. Not far from the mill edifices were little houses in which the European directors and supervisors lived. They were by and large superintendents, book- come oners, adept craftsmen and office staff. In the biggest house lived the estate owner. The slave quarters were some distance off from the places of the directors.A work 24 hours consisted of 15-16 hours a twenty-four hours, during harvest clip and, could travel on during crop and milling for 16-18 per hebdomad 7 yearss a hebdomad and harmonizing to Stampp ( 1956 ) the slaves were given the proletariat to fix the land for seting. Their normal on the job twenty-four hours began in advance dawn and ended after sunset. They cleared the grass and shrubs by weeding and combustion ( kids between the ages of six and ten might be active as H2O bearers duration kids between the ages of 10 and 12 were organized into packs and set to weeding ) . Cane holes were dug and into these cane tops were planted. As the cane grew, packs of slaves manured the field and weeded shrubs that sprang up around the cane workss. Female slaves did oft of the weeding and the manuring. subsequently 12 to 15 months the cane was now mature. The field was set afire to fire off the foliages from the cane chaffs and at the same clip to acquire relinquish of serpents which lived at that place. The field slaves, utilizing cutlasses, so cut the cane chaffs, jam-packed them in packages and loaded them on to ox-drawn carts which transported them to the factory. At the factory, the cane was crushed and the juice flowed by means of with(predicate) troughs to big metal containers. The cane rubbish was removed and stored for usage as fuel for the boilers. The juice in the big containers was clarified by heat and the add-on of a little mea incontestable of calcium hydroxide. This clarified juice was so ladled into a Cu boiler in whic h it was boil. After a homo, the juice from this Cu boiler was ladled into a smaller boiler and was boiled once more and so still further in a yet smaller boiler. By so, it had changed into gluey sirup which was allowed to chill, and so poured into wooden hogsheads standing on beams in the hardening house. Through little holes at the underside of the hogsheads, molasses seeped out and was collected in containers set below the beams. After to the highest degree three hebdomads, the staying sirup in the hogsheads crystallised to organize sugar. The sugar remained in the hogsheads which were subsequently packed into ships for export to Europe. Some estates besides manufactured rum by fermenting juice from the offshoot boiling and close to the same measure of molasses. Almost all of this specialized work carried out in the industry of sugar and rum was done by skilled artisan slaves who were extremely valued by their proprietors. During the milling season, slaves worked in displace ments passim the twenty-four hours and dark.Even after the harvest season was over, the estate proprietor did non let his slaves to be idle. The Fieldss had to be prepared for the new harvest, weeding and manuring of the ratoons had to be done, and fixs to drainage and irrigation canals, fencings and edifices had to transport out. Work was even build for kids from the age of six old ages old. They collected firewood, cut grass to feed farm animate beings and fetched drink H2O to slaves working in the Fieldss. The plantation proprietors did non desire their slaves to affect themselves in idle conversation since they felt that the discontented slaves whitethorn utilize the combination to plot rebellion.PunishmentsWhile each plantation had its ain set of societal, spiritual, and labour codifications, all had the basic format for an instilled pecking order in which the slave maestro reigned as generalized anxiety disorder. He maintained the component of slave wretchedness, by comm anding the grade of hurting ( Starobin 1974 ) . Treatments were given such as mutilation, stigmatization, chaining, and slay which were purportedly regulated or prohibited by jurisprudence. Whippings, whippings, drownings, and hangings were every bit unpredictable as they were gruesome.It was clear to plantation proprietors that bondage could non last without the whip ( even though proprietors were out to intentionally kill or maliciously mangle a slave ) . Males and females were whipped randomly. The badness of floging depended on the figure of shots to the role of whip. Fifteen to twenty ciliums were by and large sufficient, but they could run much high. Other points used for penalties included stocks, ironss, neckbands, and chainss. It was besides platitude that big(a) females could be raped by the proprietor of the plantation, his boies or, any white male.Methods of ControlThe White plantation proprietors in T & A T used assorted methods to keep complete control over their slaves. Their chief method was that of divide and decree . Members of the same folk were separated on different plantations to forestall communicating between them. The purpose behind this was to forestall any programs to arise if they were together. This separation, nevertheless, created a job of communicating, since the plantation would hold different groups of slaves talking different lingual communications. Therefore, the plantation owners had to happen a manner to pass on with their slaves. briefly a new linguistic communication, known as Creole, developed and this became a commonality lingua among the slaves. When the British took control of the twin islands in the nineteenth century, English words were injected into the linguistic communication and it became the footing of the Creolised linguistic communication.Slaves were besides prevented from rehearsing their faiths. Quite a few slaves were Muslims while many others had their ain tribal beliefs. But since the Christi an plantation owners saw non-Christians as heathens, they made sure that the slaves could non garner to idolize in the manner they were accustomed when they lived in Africa. afterward Christian missionaries were permitted on the plantations and they were allowed to prophesy to the slaves on Sundays. In clip, many of them were born-again to Christianity it was the general feeling that the born-again slaves became docile and was non willing to back up rebellion on the plantations.Another means of control was the creative performance of a category organization among the slaves. Field slaves formed the lowest group, even though some of them had particular accomplishments.The lowest ranking slaves, the anchor of the plantation economic system, were the field slaves. The field slaves were divided into gangs harmonizing to their physical strength and ability, with the strongest and fittest males and females in the first pack. The inducement used to promote difficult work, was ciliums o f the cart whip, which were freely administered by the drivers, who were privileged slaves under the superintendent s supervising. Higher up the slave hierarchy were the artisan slaves such as blacksmiths, carpenters and Masons, who were frequently engage out by the plantation owners. These slaves besides had chances to gain money for themselves on assorted dos. Still higher up in this category system were the drivers who were specially selected by the White plantation owners to command the other slaves. The domesticatedated or house slave had a particular topographic point in this agreement, and because they worked in the maestro s house and sometimes having particular favors from the maestro, they held other slaves in disdain. Normally, the slaves in the lowest round of this societal take to the woods were the 1s who rebelled and frequently domestic slaves were the 1s who betrayed them by describing the undercover plans to their maestro.Then on that point were divisions es tablish on coloring material. In the early yearss, it was comparatively easy for a pure African to lift to the degree of a driver. But mixtures occurred through the birth of kids as a consequence of brotherhoods between White work forces and black braggart(a) females ( mulatto ) , White work forces and mulatto adult females ( mestee ) and mulatto work forces and black adult females ( sambo ) . Some slaves of wining coevalss therefore had lighter skin colors, and the White plantation owners discriminated in favor of them. These slaves with White male parents or White relations were placed in places above those of the field slaves. This was the beginning of color favouritism in the Guyanese society. Of class, in all of this, the Europeans the Whites occupied the highest round of the societal ladder and they found willing Alliess among the assorted or colored tribe who occupied the intermediate degrees. The pure Africans remained at the lowest degreeWomans and Slavery in the Plant ationsHarmonizing to Bush ( 1990 33 ) the primary ground for the presence of adult females in T & A T during the clip of bondage was overdue to their labour value. In the early yearss of bondage, plantation proprietors attempted to bring ahead healthy forms of reproduction and encourage matrimony, but found it was economically scattered to make so. Alternatively, it was more profitable to buy new slaves from Africa ( until the continued supply of female slaves being delivered from across the Atlantic was threatened by abolitionist force per unit area in the 18th century ) . Girls worked on estates from the early age of four. Occupations for misss between the ages of 12-19 varied from field work, to stock work, to domestic work, to rinsing e.g. article of clothing, dishes, etc. ( Reddock 1985 pg. 64 ) , . Other signifiers of work for mature adult females included accoucheuse, doctoress, and housekeeper. European plantation proprietors by and large regarded most slave adult fema les as suited for field work, which consisted of occupations such as delving holes for canes, weeding, and hoeing. In Jamaica, the bulk of adult females between the ages of 19 and 54 were working in the Fieldss.By the late eighteenth and early 19th century, there were more adult females working in the field than work forces due to their press down mortality rates. Despite the common stereotype whereby work forces are stronger and more physically capable than adult females, it can be argued that adult females were as of import, if non more of import, to field work during the period of bondage in T & A T. The importance of adult females in the plantation economic system is reflected in the monetary value of female slaves between 1790 and the ending of the slave trade. The monetary value for a new male slave was about ?50-?70, while the monetary value for a new female slave was about ?50-?60. ( Bush, 199633 )Apart from businesss such as doctoress, accoucheuse, and housekeeper, whi ch were considered to be higher employment places for slave adult females during the clip, the slave elite was about totally made up of work forces. Womans were confined to contending for lower places in the socio-economic hierarchy and were ever excluded from the more esteemed and skilled occupations ( i.e. woodworking ) . Among the limited sum of businesss available to Trinbagonian slave adult females, the most esteemed occupation was found to be nursing.One manner in which adult females slaves would on occasion accumulate income and resources for themselves was through sex trade ( Morrissey 1989 pg. 69 ) . This was a common manner for adult females slaves to salvage money for freedom, peculiarly in the eighteenth and 19th centuries in T & A T. The bulk of enslaved domestic workers in towns were expected to back up themselves through harlotry.Culture of Slavery and Plantation lifeHomePlantation slaves were housed in slave s cabins. Small, impolitely built of logs with clapboard turnouts, with clay tinkling. Floors were packed soil. They were leaky and draughty and the combination of moisture, soil, and cold made them diseased environments. On the plantation, the slaves were housed in edifices which were some distance off from the maestro s house. more or less of these slave houses had thatched roofs and walls of old boards or of wattle and clay. The floor was the Earth itself and there were no furniture except some fundamental pieces that the slaves managed to do.ClothingSlaves were non well-clothed they had un passable clothe for people engaged in heavy labor all twelvemonth. Children would ornament in long shirts. Men possessed small besides with two shirts and two cotton bloomerss. Womans were provided with an deficient sum of fabric and made their ain apparels. The fabric was inexpensive stuff, produced in England that was dubbed Negro fabric . The slaves besides obtained a vesture allowance approximately every twelvemonth. The work forces have a harsh woolen jacket, a chapeau, about six paces of cotton, and a piece of canvas to do a brace or two of pants. Womans received the same allowance as the work forces, but kids received none. The kids remained bare until they were approximately nine old ages old, or were given cast-off vesture that their parents managed to happen or were able to buy.FoodThe nutrient was by and large equal in majority, but imbalanced and humdrum. Typical nutrient allowance was a batch of maize repast and three to four lbs of salt pork or bacon per hebdomad per individual. This diet could be supplemented by veggies from their gardens, by tilt or wild game, and molasses ( non normally ) . The slaves prepared their ain nutrient and carried it out to the field in pails. While the slaves were provided with certain groceries by the maestro, they raised their ain subsistence harvests of veggies, plantains and root harvests on little garden secret plans that the maestro allowed them to utilize. However, th ey could notwithstanding make their personal agriculture on Lords daies when they had no work on the plantation. They besides took the chance to angle on Lords daies in the nearby canals, the rivers or the ocean. Each grownup slave was given one lb of salted pod fish every Sunday by the plantation proprietor. The brine-cured pod fish was imported from North America. A kid slave was given a smaller allotment. On particular Christian vacation, there was an extra allowance of about a lb of beef or porc, some sugar and a measure of rum.ReligionThe general position held by the plantation proprietors was that the African slaves did non keep to a system of beliefs that could be set forth as a faith ( Mbiti 1969 ) . At best so the members of the plantocracy and the church building that served them felt their beliefs amounted to nil more than pagan superstitious notion. Not a few of them, possibly, felt that the Africans were incapable of spiritual sentiment. But the Africans held spir itual beliefs derived from their fatherland. It may be utile to observe that some of the slaves, peculiarly these who came from the Fula-speaking country of Senegambia, were Muslims. The recipe of the plantation owners of dividing tribesmen from one another, and of detering the collection of slaves for any purpose whatsoever, was non calculated to let Islam to last. Again, the little figure of African Muslims that came to plantations in T & A T lacked the leading of Imams and the ownership of the Quran. Then, scantyively, the plantation life did non impart itself for long supplications at fixed times, worship on a set twenty-four hours, continence at prescribed periods, or banqueting on vacations which did non co-occur with those observed by the plantocracy.On the other manus, autochthonal African spiritual beliefs, which became designate as obi , survived the troubles of estate life. But these beliefs underwent important alterations although they remained clearly African in construction ( Saraceni 1996 ) . Three factors were chiefly responsible for these alterations. In the first topographic point, African spiritual thoughts were capable of alteration in solvent to the new circumstance of estate life. Second, the pattern of African faith was frowned upon by estate governments. This meant that the faith could merely be practised in secret and irregularly. The consequence has been that some facets of African spiritual patterns withered off while others lost their nationality and linguistic communication and became garbled. Third, the exposure to Christianity led non merely to the passage of Blacks to that faith, but besides to the imbrication of African and Christian beliefs.Free TimeExcept for net incomes enjoyed by the artisan slaves, most of the slaves depended on obtaining money by selling excess one thousand goodss from their proviso evidences and besides the sale of farm animal that they reared. On Sundays, small town markets were held and th e slaves seized the chance to barter or sell their green goods. On these occasions the slaves made purchases of a few pieces of vesture and other points for their places.The Sunday markets were besides occasions when slaves from different plantations were able to socialize and to commute intelligence and pieces of chitchat.There were besides times of diversion. These were normally at the terminal of the harvest and at Christmas and on public vacations when the slaves were allowed to keep dances which had to stop by midnight.